Free License Codes to Determine Radiological Contamination : 2 case studies

FINAL RESULTS CASE STUDY 1 5 CONCLUSION THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK The purpose of this work is demonstrate the possibility to have tools to make provisions and plan emergency operations during radiological and nuclear (RN) events in order to reduce the risks of human diseases and the environmental contamination improving both the safety and security aspects related with such events. CASE STUDY 1 In this work the authors conducted a benchmark between a free license dispersion model software (HotSpot) and the experimental data taken from the IAEA report on the radiological accident in the reprocessing plant at Tomsk. The purpose of this work was evaluate the possibility of using this code to develop simulation of radiological diffusion in case of accidents, in order to implement customized emergency plans. It should be noticed that, it was possible to reproduce the pattern for the ground deposition, at least with the same order of magnitude, for the different heights and wind speeds assumed for the release. The results of the benchmark also enlightened that, the best model to reproduce the pattern for the ground deposition of 106Ru, for this particular scenario is represented by the General Explosion model of the HotSpot code. CASE STUDY 2 Orphan radioactive sources are a potential dangerous for the population.. The use of the developed georeferencing software makes it simpler to achieve good safety and security standards. It is clear how such a tool, providing an overview of the scenario and areas involved, can optimise the operations of first responders who are equipped with handheld computers with web access. The detection of a safe area in which to temporarily place the source is relatively simple and can be readily verified using the software. MAIN CONCLUSION In this work the authors shown the capability of free licences codes (available on line or home-made) to : • Simulate different types of radiological events ; • Work properly as DSS (Support System Devices) in case of conventional or non-conventional RN events CASE STUDY 1 FINAL RESULTS CASE STUDY 2 3 INTRODUCTION HOT SPOT CODE This study deals with the need to develop analytical instruments to optimise rescue operations involving radiological exposure. The case studies simulated are: 1) CASE STUDY 1 : A radiological diffusion after an accident in the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plants; 2) CASE STUDY 1 : A radiological release due to radiological orphan sources. . 2 CASE STUDY 2 4 HotSpot (Health Physics Codes) is a free license software which provides an expedite method to evaluate the radiation effects associated with the atmospheric release of radioactive materials based on a Gaussian model. The Gaussian model implemented in HotSpot determine the time-integrated atmospheric concentration (C) of a gas or an aerosol at any point in the space according to equation (1): 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧,𝐻 = 𝑄 2𝜋𝜎𝑦𝜎𝑧𝑢 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑦 𝜎𝑦 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑧−𝐻 𝜎𝑧 2 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑧+𝐻 𝜎𝑧 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝜆𝑥 𝑢 𝐷𝐹(𝑥 (1) Where: C = Time-integrated atmospheric concentration (Ci-s)/(m3). Q = Source term (Ci). H = Effective release height (m). λ = Radioactive decay constant (s–1). x = Downwind distance (m). y = Crosswind distance (m). z = Vertical axis distance (m). σy = Standard deviation of the integrated concentration distribution in the crosswind direction (m). σz = Standard deviation of the integrated concentration distribution in the vertical direction (m). u = Average wind speed at the effective release height (m/s). L = Inversion layer height (m). DF(x) = Plume Depletion factor The case study simulated is the radiological accident in the reprocessing plant at Tomsk, which occurred on 6th April 1993 during the reprocessing of irradiated reactor fuel at the Siberian Chemical Enterprise (SCE) in the Radio Chemicals Work (RCW) facility at Tomsk-7. The accident, which corresponded to a Level 3 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) caused damage to both the reprocessing line and the building Radionuclide Model 1 activity (Tbq) Model 2 activity (TBq) 106Ru 11.1 7.9 103Ru 0.37 0.34 95Nb 17.4 11.2 95Zr 7.8 5.1 14Ce - 0.37 144Ce - 0.24 125Sb - 0.10 239Pu 7.4 × 10-3 5.2 × 10-3 Total 36.7 25.3 Estimated activity (TBq) released during the accident The releases due to the accident started in two different places: 1. through breaches in the walls at a height of 15-30 m which accounted for 50-60% of the activity released, 2. the roof at a height of 100-150 m. Simulations 190° Model General Explosion Source Term Radionuclide Ru-106 W 368.2 d Material-at-Risk 6,175 TBq Deposition Velocity 20 cms-1 Simulation 190° D Simulation 190° C 190° D WS 5 ms-1 190° D WS 10 ms-1 190° C WS 5 ms-1 190 C WS 10 ms-1 Meteorology 10-meter-windspeed 5 ms-1 10 ms-1 5 ms-1 10 ms-1 Wind Direction 190° 190° 190° 190° Stability Class D D C C ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min Setup Sample time 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min Non-respirable Deposition Velocity 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 Boundary conditions used for HOTSPOT Since the model was developed both for general releases of radionuclides and for nuclear events HotSpot allows the user to simulate the release of any radionuclide which is included in the ICRP 30 and in the ICRP 60+ thanks to the “General” models:  general explosion,  general plume,  general fire,  general resuspension Values of activity (kBq∙m-2) for ground deposition of 106Ru at distance of 4.5 km, 7.0 km and 12.0 km, computed by the Hot-Spot code with the options and values for the 5m/s wind speed (left) which showed the best match with the experimental data for the ground contamination with 106Ru across the path of the fallout at different distances from the RCW (right) Ground Deposition contour Plot for the two scenarios described. The contour values for the plume are 7.0E+02 (inner), 2,5E+02 (middle) and 5E+01(outer) for direction 190° and 4.0E+2 (inner) 1.0E+02 (middle) and 2.0E+01 (outerCASE STUDY 2 4 HotSpot (Health Physics Codes) is a free license software which provides an expedite method to evaluate the radiation effects associated with the atmospheric release of radioactive materials based on a Gaussian model. The Gaussian model implemented in HotSpot determine the time-integrated atmospheric concentration (C) of a gas or an aerosol at any point in the space according to equation (1): 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧,𝐻 = 𝑄 2𝜋𝜎𝑦𝜎𝑧𝑢 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑦 𝜎𝑦 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑧−𝐻 𝜎𝑧 2 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 1 2 𝑧+𝐻 𝜎𝑧 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝜆𝑥 𝑢 𝐷𝐹(𝑥 (1) Where: C = Time-integrated atmospheric concentration (Ci-s)/(m3). Q = Source term (Ci). H = Effective release height (m). λ = Radioactive decay constant (s–1). x = Downwind distance (m). y = Crosswind distance (m). z = Vertical axis distance (m). σy = Standard deviation of the integrated concentration distribution in the crosswind direction (m). σz = Standard deviation of the integrated concentration distribution in the vertical direction (m). u = Average wind speed at the effective release height (m/s). L = Inversion layer height (m). DF(x) = Plume Depletion factor The case study simulated is the radiological accident in the reprocessing plant at Tomsk, which occurred on 6th April 1993 during the reprocessing of irradiated reactor fuel at the Siberian Chemical Enterprise (SCE) in the Radio Chemicals Work (RCW) facility at Tomsk-7. The accident, which corresponded to a Level 3 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) caused damage to both the reprocessing line and the building Radionuclide Model 1 activity (Tbq) Model 2 activity (TBq) 106Ru 11.1 7.9 103Ru 0.37 0.34 95Nb 17.4 11.2 95Zr 7.8 5.1 14Ce - 0.37 144Ce - 0.24 125Sb - 0.10 239Pu 7.4 × 10-3 5.2 × 10-3 Total 36.7 25.3 Estimated activity (TBq) released during the accident The releases due to the accident started in two different places: 1. through breaches in the walls at a height of 15-30 m which accounted for 50-60% of the activity released, 2. the roof at a height of 100-150 m. Simulations 190° Model General Explosion Source Term Radionuclide Ru-106 W 368.2 d Material-at-Risk 6,175 TBq Deposition Velocity 20 cms-1 Simulation 190° D Simulation 190° C 190° D WS 5 ms-1 190° D WS 10 ms-1 190° C WS 5 ms-1 190 C WS 10 ms-1 Meteorology 10-meter-windspeed 5 ms-1 10 ms-1 5 ms-1 10 ms-1 Wind Direction 190° 190° 190° 190° Stability Class D D C C ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min ST 10 min ST 1 min Setup Sample time 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min 10 min 1 min Non-respirable Deposition Velocity 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 20 cms-1 Boundary conditions used for HOTSPOT Since the model was developed both for general releases of radionuclides and for nuclear events HotSpot allows the user to simulate the release of any radionuclide which is included in the ICRP 30 and in the ICRP 60+ thanks to the “General” models:  general explosion,  general plume,  general fire,  general resuspension Values of activity (kBq∙m-2) for ground deposition of 106Ru at distance of 4.5 km, 7.0 km and 12.0 km, computed by the Hot-Spot code with the options and values for the 5m/s wind speed (left) which showed the best match with the experimental data for the ground contamination with 106Ru across the path of the fallout at different distances from the RCW (right) Ground Deposition contour Plot for the two scenarios described. The contour values for the plume are 7.0E+02 (inner), 2,5E+02 (middle) and 5E+01(outer) for direction 190° and 4.0E+2 (inner) 1.0E+02 (middle) and 2.0E+01 (outer) for direction 210°. Radioactive sources are used throughout the world for many applications, particularly in industry, medicine and research. The risks associated with such a use are strictly connected to their physical characteristics: activity, types of radionuclides, methods of manufacture, etc. (IAEA-TECDOC, 2004). Our study deals with the problems mentioned above and we present a code developed for rapid mapping of radiological diffusion and associated risks in cases of accidental and/or deliberate releases. The main objective will be then to define a conceptual model for a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS), capable to identify requirements of mobile units and control room. The authors have developed the software GREAT (Georeferenced Radiological Evaluation & Analysis Tool), interfaced with Intergraph’s geospatial solutions, for an unknown radioactive source case, by applying the equations outlined above. Data elaboration tool Geographical tool In the first screen of the software (Figure above), called Calcoli (calculations), values of radiation intensity, measured in mSv/h, distance to which the measurement is taken and estimated time of operation is entered. The second screen of the software (Figure on the right), called Mappe (Maps) enables the user to display the attention areas on Microsoft Bing Maps (MBM). The developed software is a web application built with Silverlight, which is a Microsoft technology that allows for deploying rich internet applications (RIAs). The programming language used is C# (C sharp). Regarding the map, Silverlight Bing Map is used for the control of the components, providing input coordinates and drawing the map Simulation of a radiological diffusion at Policlinico Tor Vergata University Intergraph I2RMS’s 2D Common Operational Picture (COP) interface The software has been interfaced with geospatial solutions from of Intergraph’s Emergency Operation Centers. An emergency operations centre (EOC) enhances an area’s ability to coordinate multi-agency responses to disasters and emergencies. It is equipped to perform a number of crisis management functions but is also able to function as a dayto- day operations resource, and supports efforts to test and exercise contingency and response plans. The Common Operational Picture (COP) console of I2RMS (figure on the right) integrates several key components, including wireless communications, geospatial software, location tracking tools and the Internet, to help operators to plan, manage and track mobile assets and personnel, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, Global Positioning System (GPS), automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems) and geospatial mapping applications (2D and 3D COP interfaces). 6 REFERENCES [1] Gallo, R., De Angelis, P., Malizia, A., Conetta, F., Di Giovanni, D., Antonelli, L., Gallo, N., Fiduccia, A., D'Amico, F., Fiorito, R., Richetta, M., Bellecci, C., Gaudio, P. “Development of a georeferencing software for radiological diffusion in order to improve the safety and security of first responders” (2013) Defence S and T Technical Bulletin, 6 (1), pp. 21-32. 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