Integration of a Paper-Based Supercapacitor and Flexible Perovskite Mini-Module: Toward Self-Powered Portable and Wearable Electronics

An all-flexible self-powering unit, combining a flexible perovskite solar mini-module for energy conversion and ultra-flexible screen-printed interdigitated carbon supercapacitors on paper for energy storage, is designed and developed. Through a hybrid bifurcated structure, the supercapacitors are connected in series and neatly layered on a paper substrate with the perovskite solar mini-module strategically placed on top for seamless integration. The photosupercapacitor quickly reaches saturated voltage under various light intensities (1 sun, 1000 lx, 500 lx, and 200 lx) and displays a self-discharge time of over 2 minutes. It delivers peak overall and storage efficiencies of 2.8% and 23%, respectively, and exhibits an extensive potential window of 3.8 V, making it a prominent choice for real time applications in electronic systems. In a nutshell, the inherent flexibility of both the solar module and the storage system, coupled with the space-saving design, and the extensive potential window of the hybrid photosupercapacitor paves the way for implementation in portable and wearable electronics operating in indoor environments, ushering a new era of more versatile and adaptable energy solutions.