Upper-bound performance of implanted antennas made with Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) applications

This study explores the potential of Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) as a material for implantable antennas in wireless power transfer (WPT) applications, with a focus on achieving high Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE). By investigating the interplay between antenna geometry and material conductivity, quantified as Sheet Resistance (Rs), the research identifies design principles for optimizing PTE in a two-port wireless mid-field link. The study combines parametric simulations with experimental validation using a LIG-fabricated prototype to evaluate performance under realistic biomedical conditions. Key challenges such as the ohmic losses of LIG and attenuation in biological tissues are addressed. The results highlight critical trade-offs between antenna dimensions and conductive losses, providing a framework for designing efficient, biocompatible, and sustainable wireless systems. This work establishes the feasibility of LIG-based antennas directly integrated into prosthetic or biomedical surfaces, offering a reliable solution for power and data transmission in implantable medical devices.