Phenotypic plasticity is defined as the ability of a genotype to produce more than one alternative phenotype in response to particular environmental conditions. It can occur at the morphological, physiological and behavioural level. Plasticity is relevant for skeletal tissues, which are able to respond to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Behaviour is likely the trait with the highest sensitivity to environmental perturbations. Physiological responses to environmental modifications are frequently discussed in term of stress response. This work investigates the phenotypic response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using the rearing density as an environmental variable. The main objective of this study is to analyse the effect of different rearing densities (high-HD, medium-MD and low-LD) on the skeleton of juvenile zebrafish (90 dpf, different egg batches from same broodstock) and to provide a comprehensive description for the morphological variation of the skeletal elements of the entire skeleton. In parallel, a preliminary investigation on the effects of the rearing densities at behavioural and physiological levels was carried out. Behaviour response was studied for both the individual zebrafish and the interactions within the group via shoaling behaviour. At the physiological level, cortisol and glycogen were analysed as they are important stress indicators. The results of this study indicate the occurrence of densityindependent malformations such as malformations of ribs and neural arches and spines in the abdominal region. Rearing densities significantly affected the animals’ average size, which increased as the rearing density decreased. Fish reared at HD had the highest variety of anomalies throughout the skeleton; while those reared at LD showed the lowest frequency of anomalies in the caudal region vertebrae (i.e., deformed neural and haemal spines). Animals belonging to the HD and MD groups of the first analysed lot showed the highest frequency of partial and complete vertebral fusions; the latter was 2 not found in the LD group. The same result was not obtained in the other lots analysed, in which the LD group had frequencies of the above-mentioned anomalies similar to the MD group. Histological analysis of fused vertebrae indicated a reduced size of muscle fibres and that vertebral centra fusion occurred by perichordal bone formation at the level of the intervertebral space around the notochordal sheath. Physiological analyses showed that specimens from the HD, MD and LD groups had cortisol concentrations within the normal range reported for this species. Whole-body glycogen concentrations were found to be similar in all groups, suggesting that glycogenolysis, as part of the secondary stress response, is not enhanced by density-linked stress. Lastly, behavioural observations suggested that the exploratory behaviour of individuals decreased in zebrafish reared at high density; the same HD treatment also shortened the nearest neighbour distances between individuals in the same tank.
La plasticità fenotipica è la capacità di un genotipo di produrre più di un fenotipo alternativo in risposta alle condizioni ambientali. Può verificarsi a livello morfologico, fisiologico e comportamentale. La plasticità è rilevante per i tessuti scheletrici, che sono in grado di rispondere a segnali intrinseci ed estrinseci. Il comportamento è probabilmente il tratto con la più alta sensibilità alle perturbazioni ambientali e le risposte fisiologiche alle modifiche ambientali sono spesso discusse in termini di risposta allo stress. Questo lavoro indaga la risposta fenotipica di zebrafish (Danio rerio) usando la densità di allevamento come variabile ambientale. L'obiettivo principale è stato analizzare gli effetti delle diverse densità di allevamento (high-HD, medium-MD e low-LD) sullo scheletro di giovanili di zebrafish (90 dpf, diversi lotti di uova degli stessi riproduttori) e fornire una descrizione completa per variazione morfologica degli elementi dell'intero scheletro. Parallelamente, è stata condotta un'indagine preliminare sugli effetti delle densità di allevamento a livello comportamentale e fisiologico attraverso l'analisi del comportamento di singoli individui e dell’intero gruppo di individui e la determinazione dei livelli di cortisolo e glicogeno, indicatori di una risposta allo stress fisiologico. I risultati hanno rivelato la presenza di malformazioni densità- indipendenti, come malformazioni di costole e di archi e spine neurali nella regione addominale. Le densità di allevamento hanno influenzato la taglia media degli animali, che è diminuita con l'aumentare della densità. I pesci allevati in HD presentavano la più alta varietà di anomalies in tutto lo scheletro; quelli allevati a LD hanno mostrato la più bassa frequenza di anomalies nelle vertebre della regione caudale. Gli animali appartenenti ai gruppi HD e MD del primo lotto analizzato hanno mostrato la più alta frequenza di fusioni parziali e complete delle vertebre; le ultime non sono state osservate nel gruppo LD. Gli stessi risultati non sono stati ottenuti negli altri 4 lotti analizzati, in cui il gruppo LD aveva frequenze delle anomalies sopra menzionate simili al gruppo MD. L'analisi istologica delle fusioni vertebrali ha indicato una dimensione ridotta delle fibre muscolari e che la fusione dei corpi vertebrali è avvenuta mediante ossificazione pericordale a livello dello spazio intervertebrale. Le analisi fisiologiche hanno mostrato che i campioni dei gruppi HD, MD e LD presentavano concentrazioni di cortisolo che ricadevano nell’intervallo delle concentrazioni normali riportate per questa specie. Le concentrazioni di glicogeno sono risultate simili in tutti i gruppi, suggerendo che la glicogenolisi, come parte della risposta secondaria allo stress, non viene indotta dalle alte densità. Infine, l'analisi comportamentale ha indicato che l’alta densità di allevamento riduce il comportamento esplorativo degli individui e le distanze tra gli individui allevati nella stessa vasca.
Martini, A. (2019). Phenotypic plasticity in zebrafish (danio rerio) linked to rearing density.
Phenotypic plasticity in zebrafish (danio rerio) linked to rearing density
MARTINI, ARIANNA
2019-01-01
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is defined as the ability of a genotype to produce more than one alternative phenotype in response to particular environmental conditions. It can occur at the morphological, physiological and behavioural level. Plasticity is relevant for skeletal tissues, which are able to respond to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Behaviour is likely the trait with the highest sensitivity to environmental perturbations. Physiological responses to environmental modifications are frequently discussed in term of stress response. This work investigates the phenotypic response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using the rearing density as an environmental variable. The main objective of this study is to analyse the effect of different rearing densities (high-HD, medium-MD and low-LD) on the skeleton of juvenile zebrafish (90 dpf, different egg batches from same broodstock) and to provide a comprehensive description for the morphological variation of the skeletal elements of the entire skeleton. In parallel, a preliminary investigation on the effects of the rearing densities at behavioural and physiological levels was carried out. Behaviour response was studied for both the individual zebrafish and the interactions within the group via shoaling behaviour. At the physiological level, cortisol and glycogen were analysed as they are important stress indicators. The results of this study indicate the occurrence of densityindependent malformations such as malformations of ribs and neural arches and spines in the abdominal region. Rearing densities significantly affected the animals’ average size, which increased as the rearing density decreased. Fish reared at HD had the highest variety of anomalies throughout the skeleton; while those reared at LD showed the lowest frequency of anomalies in the caudal region vertebrae (i.e., deformed neural and haemal spines). Animals belonging to the HD and MD groups of the first analysed lot showed the highest frequency of partial and complete vertebral fusions; the latter was 2 not found in the LD group. The same result was not obtained in the other lots analysed, in which the LD group had frequencies of the above-mentioned anomalies similar to the MD group. Histological analysis of fused vertebrae indicated a reduced size of muscle fibres and that vertebral centra fusion occurred by perichordal bone formation at the level of the intervertebral space around the notochordal sheath. Physiological analyses showed that specimens from the HD, MD and LD groups had cortisol concentrations within the normal range reported for this species. Whole-body glycogen concentrations were found to be similar in all groups, suggesting that glycogenolysis, as part of the secondary stress response, is not enhanced by density-linked stress. Lastly, behavioural observations suggested that the exploratory behaviour of individuals decreased in zebrafish reared at high density; the same HD treatment also shortened the nearest neighbour distances between individuals in the same tank.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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