An integrated approach for investigating roman cupolas: from segmented models to trikentron analyis

Segmental vaults built in the 2nd century A.D. represent perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of Hadrianic architecture. These composite vaults integrate sections of traditional shapes, such as spheres and cylinders, with more complex geometries, like the trikentron. These intricate structures pose substantial challenges in both the comprehension of their original construction and contemporary conservation efforts. This paper focuses specifically on Hadrianic vaulted systems based on circular plan layouts, such as the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, the Horti Sallustiani in Rome, and the Temple of Venus in Baiae, by analysing reality-based mesh models generated from laser scanning and photogrammetry data. Leveraging advanced digital tools, including automated shape recognition, best-fit algorithms, and VPL-based modelling environments, the research aims to deepen our understanding of the geometrical principles underlying the design of these structures. A central objective is to correlate these findings with ancient architectural knowledge, providing insights into the design methodology of the time. This integrated approach highlights innovative aspects of Hadrianic architecture and explores the geometrical constructions employed by Hadrianic architects to achieve these complex designs. The study confirmed the pioneering use of ellipse-based geometries in the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, challenging conventional interpretations of Roman dome construction. Additionally, the proposed workflow has proven effective in abstracting features of incomplete forms, which were then utilised in further geometric analyses. Notably, this research sheds new light on the design of the trikentron, a key innovation of Hadrianic architecture, identifying a common design approach across different instances of its use.