Dynamization-induced nanosolutes (DINS) in ultra-dilute solutions Analysis on homeopathic dilute capsules below and over the Avogadro’s number

BACKGROUND: Homeopathy is a controversial topic. It is not clear what is the role of the succussion that should in-crease the efficacy of the homeopathic remedy. The primary aim is to verify whether could be the presence of nanosolutes when the dilution increases past the Avogrado's number and whether the succussion process increases the presence of nanosolutes. The secondary goal is to provide a rational model to develop theories on the mechanism of action of these solutions from a clinical standpoint.METHODS: Three different solution lines of highly diluted solutions have been made for each active ingredient: the first line was a non-shaken solution, the other two lines were shaken. They have run the following measurements: Fluores-cence, Absorption, Dynamic Light Scattering, Microbiological analysis.RESULTS: Fluorescence, light scattering and absorption, did not show any difference between the samples containing only water and samples derived from the solutions containing the active ingredients The shaken dilutions have shown a higher content in bacteria than the corresponding non-shaken (Biesse Bioscreen measurement: 0.000 ANOVA and Bon-ferroni). The bacteria are largely gram-positive at difference with those presence in the reference water solution, that are largely gram-negative.CONCLUSIONS: This study allows highlighting the presence of nanosolutes in high-diluted solutions Such nanosolutes are bacteria, which would bond with parts of parent substance in clusters. The succussion increases the number of nano -solutes. It is possible to hypothesize a mechanism of action of the homeopathic remedy on microbiotic basis.(Cite this article as: Tramontana A, Nicolai E, Sorge R, Gaziano R, Marino D, Monteleone G, et al. Dynamization-induced nanosolutes (DINS) in ultra-dilute solutions. Analysis on homeopathic dilute capsules below and over the Avogadro's number. Gazz Med Ital -Arch Sci Med 2022;181:271-7. DOI: 10.23736/S0393-3660.21.04735-5)