A functional role for interleukin-21 in promoting the synthesis of the T-cell chemoattractant, MIP-3 alpha, by gut epithelial cells

Background & Aims: Interleukin (IL)-21, a T-cell-derived cytokine, is produced in excess in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is expressed by immune and nonimmune cells, raising the possibility that IL-21 has broad effects in gut inflammation. In this study we examined whether intestinal epithelial cells express IL-21R and respond to IL-21 in IBD. Methods: IL-21R was evaluated in intestinal samples of IBD patients and controls by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated with IL-21, and cell-free supernatants were evaluated by a protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of IL-21-treated epithelial cell supernatants on blood lymphocyte migration was assessed using a chemotaxis assay. Finally, we evaluated the effect of a neutralizing IL-21 antibody on MIP-3 alpha synthesis in ex vivo organ cultures of IBD mucosal explants. Results: Constitutive expression of IL-21R was seen in intestinal epithelial cells, but was higher in IBD patients than in controls. Stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells with IL-21 resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 and increased synthesis of macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 alpha), a T-cell chemoattractant. Inhibition of ERK1/2 but not p38 suppressed IL-21-induced MIP-3 alpha production. IL-21-treated cell culture supernatants enhanced in vitro lymphocyte migration, and this effect was inhibited by anti-MIP-3 alpha antibody. Treatment of IBD explants with anti-IL-21 reduced MIP-3 alpha production. Conclusions: These data show that intestinal epithelial cells are a target of IL-21 and that IL-21 is involved in the cross-talk between epithelial and immune cells in the gut.