It is well known that several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson disease, have a multifactorial origin (multiple hit hypothesis), which suggests that neuronal loss is a result of multiple factors. Among them, environmental factors are the most important. Although a variety of neurological processes can be adversely affected, the dopaminergic system appears to be a major target for environmental neurotoxins. The hypothesis that L-BMAA (L-β-methylamino-L-alanine), a nonprotein amino acid found in the Cycas micronesica seeds in western pacific islands, is involved in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson-dementia complex (ALS-PDC complex) has risen and fallen since its initial proposal in 1987. In the last ten years the interest for this toxin has grown due to the discovery that it can be produced by many strains of Nostoc cyanobacterias, present throughout the world. Moreover L-BMAA can bind proteins. This bound form may function as an endogenous neurotoxic reservoir, accumulating and being released during protein catabolism. In order to analyze the effects of this amino acid, we have performed electrophysiological, pharmacological, morphological and toxicological studies on dopaminergic neurons of SNc. In these neurons puff-application of L-BMAA (3 mM, 10 psi 1.0 s) causes an inward current (mean = 454.48 34.65, n = 73) and a transient increase of intracellular calcium (R mean = 0.368 ± 0.062, n = 13). These effects are mediated by the activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) and they are reversibly blocked by the application of the antagonist CPCCOEt (100 μM) (current: 41.56 ± 3.61 % of control, n = 24; calcium: 28.43 ± 5.96 % of control, n = 7). Bath application of CNQX (10 μM), a competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors, partially inhibits the L-BMAA-induced current (current: 93,09 ± 1,97 % of control, n = 24) but it has no effect on the calcium concentration (100.17 ± 9.93 % of control, n = 6). SOCs/TRPC channels are present in the dopaminergic cells of SNc and they mediate the intracellular calcium increase due to the activation of mGluR1. Indeed SKF 96365 (100 μM) and Ruthenium Red (20 μM), two antagonists of TRPC channels, are able to reduce the L-BMAA-induced inward current (42.125 ± 4.35 % of control, n = 8 and 27.05 ± 8.3 % of control, n = 6 respectively). Moreover SKF 96365 (100 μM) reduces the intracellular calcium increase induced by L-BMAA (43.57 ± 7.9 % of control). It is known that L-BMAA, in the presence of carbonate, has a chemical structure similar to glutamic acid, however it is not re-uptaken by EAATs, the excitatory amino acid transporters. Interestingly, in GABAergic interneurons, L-BMAA activates AMPA receptors but not mGluR1, and this activation causes inward current without any change in intracellular calcium concentration. However mGluR1 are present in these neurons because application of DHPG (30 μM), the selective agonist, produces inward currents. In order to confirm the toxic effects of this amino acid we have treated midbrain slices with L-BMAA for 12, 20 and 30 minutes and we have seen irreversible modification of cellular properties (decrease in membrane resistance, inability to evoke firing, elevated intracellular calcium). As a consequence of the treatments, cytocrome C is released in the cytoplasm, but in the presence of AMPA and mGluR1 antagonists, this effect is blocked. In conclusion this study demonstrates that L-BMAA could be considered a possible toxic agent for the dopaminergic neurons and provides new insights into the role of this amino acid in the aetiology of Parkinson disease.
E’ sempre più accettata l’ipotesi secondo cui le malattie neurodegenerative come il morbo di Parkinson siano di origine multifattoriale (“multiple hit hypothesis”), cioè siano causate dalla concomitante o ripetitiva presenza di diversi fattori che cooperano alla morte cellulare. Tra questi quelli ambientali occupano un posto rilevante. Sebbene una grande varietà di processi neurologici potrebbero essere influenzati da neurotossine ambientali, il sistema dopaminergico sembra essere quello più colpito. Negli ultimi 10 anni si è rivolta sempre maggiore attenzione alla L-BMAA (L-β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), un aminoacido non proteico trovato nei semi della Cycas micronesica, che sembra essere alla base dell’ “ALS-PDC complex”, una sindrome complessa caratterizzata da sintomatologie cliniche tipiche della sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), del morbo di Parkinson e dell’Alzheimer. Recenti scoperte hanno dimostrato che questa tossina viene prodotta da una grande varietà di cianobatteri del genere Nostoc presenti in tutto il mondo. Pertanto, potenzialmente, tutta la popolazione umana potrebbe essere esposta a tale sostanza. Ciò potrebbe determinare il suo accumulo nell’organismo, sia in forma libera che legata alle proteine, da cui verrebbe poi rilasciata lentamente durante il catabolismo proteico. Sulla base di queste considerazioni abbiamo voluto analizzare gli effetti di questo aminoacido sulle cellule dopaminergiche della SNc da un punto di vista elettrofisiologico, farmacologico, morfologico e tossicologico. La BMAA (3 mM, 10 psi 1.0 s) causa una depolarizzazione dei neuroni dopaminergici della SNc inducendo una corrente entrante (media = 454.48 ± 34.65, n = 73) e aumenti transienti della concentrazione di calcio intracellulare (R medio = 0.368 ± 0.062, n = 13). Questi effetti sono mediati prevalentemente dall’attivazione dei recettori metabotropici del glutammato di gruppo I (mGluR1), in quanto vengono ridotti reversibilmente dall’antagonista selettivo, CPCCOEt (100 μM) (corrente: 41.56 ± 3.61 % del controllo, n = 24; calcio: 28.43 ± 5.96 % del controllo, n = 7). La corrente, ma non il calcio, indotta dalla BMAA è ridotta in piccola parte dal CNQX (10 μM) (corrente: 93,09 ± 1,97 % del controllo, n = 24; calcio: 100.17 ± 9.93 % del controllo, n=6), antagonista competitivo dei recettori AMPA. Nelle cellule dopaminergiche della SNc gli aumenti di calcio indotti dall’attivazione dei recettori mGluR1 sono mediati dai canali SOCs/TRPC. Infatti, sia le correnti entranti che le variazioni di calcio intracellulare indotte dalla BMAA sono ridotte dagli antagonisti di tali canali, SKF 96365 (100 μM) (corrente: 42.125 ± 4.35 % del controllo, n = 8; calcio: 43.57 ± 7.9 % del controllo, n = 7) e Ruthenium Red (20 μM) (corrente: 27.05 ± 8.3 % del controllo, n = 6). Inoltre, nonostante la BMAA in presenza di carbonato presenti una struttura chimica simile a quella dell’acido glutammico, essa non viene ricaptata dalla cellule dopaminergiche attraverso il trasportatore degli aminoacidi eccitatori EAAT. E’ interessante notare che negli interneuroni GABAergici della SNc la BMAA attiva i recettori AMPA, ma non quelli metabotropici, senza indurre variazioni della concentrazione del calcio intracellulare. In queste cellule, tuttavia, l’agonista selettivo degli mGluR1, il DHPG (30 μM), evoca correnti entranti, a dimostrazione della presenza degli mGluR1 sugli interneuroni GABAergici. A conferma della sua potenziale tossicità, esposizioni prolungate di fettine mesencefaliche (12, 20 e 30 minuti) alla BMAA inducono cambiamenti irreversibili su numerose proprietà cellulari. Tali modificazioni sono accompagnate dal rilascio massivo del citocromo C (Cyt C) nel citoplasma delle cellule dopaminergiche che viene completamente bloccato dall’aggiunta, nel mezzo di perfusione, di antagonisti dei recettori mGluR1 e AMPA. I dati che ho riportato in questa tesi forniscono una chiara e plausibile dimostrazione di come la BMAA può essere tossica verso le cellule dopaminergiche della SNc, causando i sintomi neurologici della malattia di Parkinson.
Cucchiaroni, M.l. (2009). Meccanismi di vulnerabilità dei neuroni dopaminergici mesencefalici di ratto esposti a fattori neurotossici ambientali [10.58015/cucchiaroni-maria-letizia_phd2009-04-14].
Meccanismi di vulnerabilità dei neuroni dopaminergici mesencefalici di ratto esposti a fattori neurotossici ambientali
CUCCHIARONI, MARIA LETIZIA
2009-01-01
Abstract
It is well known that several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson disease, have a multifactorial origin (multiple hit hypothesis), which suggests that neuronal loss is a result of multiple factors. Among them, environmental factors are the most important. Although a variety of neurological processes can be adversely affected, the dopaminergic system appears to be a major target for environmental neurotoxins. The hypothesis that L-BMAA (L-β-methylamino-L-alanine), a nonprotein amino acid found in the Cycas micronesica seeds in western pacific islands, is involved in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson-dementia complex (ALS-PDC complex) has risen and fallen since its initial proposal in 1987. In the last ten years the interest for this toxin has grown due to the discovery that it can be produced by many strains of Nostoc cyanobacterias, present throughout the world. Moreover L-BMAA can bind proteins. This bound form may function as an endogenous neurotoxic reservoir, accumulating and being released during protein catabolism. In order to analyze the effects of this amino acid, we have performed electrophysiological, pharmacological, morphological and toxicological studies on dopaminergic neurons of SNc. In these neurons puff-application of L-BMAA (3 mM, 10 psi 1.0 s) causes an inward current (mean = 454.48 34.65, n = 73) and a transient increase of intracellular calcium (R mean = 0.368 ± 0.062, n = 13). These effects are mediated by the activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) and they are reversibly blocked by the application of the antagonist CPCCOEt (100 μM) (current: 41.56 ± 3.61 % of control, n = 24; calcium: 28.43 ± 5.96 % of control, n = 7). Bath application of CNQX (10 μM), a competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors, partially inhibits the L-BMAA-induced current (current: 93,09 ± 1,97 % of control, n = 24) but it has no effect on the calcium concentration (100.17 ± 9.93 % of control, n = 6). SOCs/TRPC channels are present in the dopaminergic cells of SNc and they mediate the intracellular calcium increase due to the activation of mGluR1. Indeed SKF 96365 (100 μM) and Ruthenium Red (20 μM), two antagonists of TRPC channels, are able to reduce the L-BMAA-induced inward current (42.125 ± 4.35 % of control, n = 8 and 27.05 ± 8.3 % of control, n = 6 respectively). Moreover SKF 96365 (100 μM) reduces the intracellular calcium increase induced by L-BMAA (43.57 ± 7.9 % of control). It is known that L-BMAA, in the presence of carbonate, has a chemical structure similar to glutamic acid, however it is not re-uptaken by EAATs, the excitatory amino acid transporters. Interestingly, in GABAergic interneurons, L-BMAA activates AMPA receptors but not mGluR1, and this activation causes inward current without any change in intracellular calcium concentration. However mGluR1 are present in these neurons because application of DHPG (30 μM), the selective agonist, produces inward currents. In order to confirm the toxic effects of this amino acid we have treated midbrain slices with L-BMAA for 12, 20 and 30 minutes and we have seen irreversible modification of cellular properties (decrease in membrane resistance, inability to evoke firing, elevated intracellular calcium). As a consequence of the treatments, cytocrome C is released in the cytoplasm, but in the presence of AMPA and mGluR1 antagonists, this effect is blocked. In conclusion this study demonstrates that L-BMAA could be considered a possible toxic agent for the dopaminergic neurons and provides new insights into the role of this amino acid in the aetiology of Parkinson disease.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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