IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells directly without sequestering IGF-I and -II. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-3 remain unclear. IGFBP-3, a secreted protein, can be internalized and translocate to the nucleus. It binds to the nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α. Binding to RXR-α has been proposed to be required for IGFBP-3 to induce apoptosis. The present study tests this hypothesis in the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells express RXR-α, and apoptosis is induced by incubation with RXR-specific ligand. A COOH-terminal region in IGFBP-3 (residues 215–232) contains a nuclear localization signal, and binding domains for RXR-α and heparin (HBD). Different combinations of the 11 amino acids in this region that differ from IGFBP-1, a related IGFBP, which does not localize to the nucleus or bind RXR-α, were mutated to the IGFBP-1 sequence. By confocal imaging, mutation of residues 228-KGRKR-232 in nonsecreted IGFBP-3 diminished its nuclear localization. IGFBP-3 binding to glutathione S-transferase-RXR-α only was lost when all 11 sites were mutated (HBD-11m-IGFBP-3). Expressed nuclear RXR-α did not transport cytoplasmic IGFBP-3 nuclear localization signal mutants that can bind RXR-α to the nucleus even after treatment with RXR ligand. Expressed HBD-11m-IGFBP-3 still induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells in an IGF-independent manner as determined by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V staining. We conclude that in PC-3 cells, RXR-α is not required for the nuclear translocation of IGFBP-3 and that IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells without binding RXR-α.
L’IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 e’ in grado di indurre apoptosi in cellule di cancro umano della prostata direttamente, senza sequestrare gli IGF-I e II, tuttavia i meccanismi molecolari mediante i quali IGFBP-3 esercita queste funzioni dirette rimangono da elucidare. IGFBP-3 e’ una proteina secreta la quale può essere internalizzata e traslocare nel nucleo. Essa si lega al recettore retinoide nucleare RXR-α. E’ stato proposto che il legame a RXR-α costituisce un pre-requisito per l’induzione di apoptosi da parte di IGFBP-3. Il presente studio testa questa ipotesi utilizzando la linea di cellule di cancro umano della prostata PC-3. Le cellule PC-3 esprimono RXR-α e vanno incontro ad apoptosi in seguito ad incubazione con un ligando specifico per RXR-α. La regione COOH terminale di IGFBP-3 (residui 215-232) contiene un segnale di localizzazione nucleare, un sito di legame per RXR-α ed un dominio di legame per l’eparina (HBD). Il nostro approccio e’ stato quello di mutare differenti combinazioni degli 11 aminoacidi in questa regione che differiscono dall’IGFBP-1, una IGFBP altamente correlata la quale non localizza nel nucleo ne si lega a RXR-α, nella sequenza di IGFBP-1. Mediante l’ausilio di microscopia confocale abbiamo appurato che la mutazione dei residui 228-KGRKR-232 di IGFBP-3 non secreta, diminuisce la sua localizzazione nucleare. Il legame di IGFBP-3 a glutathione S-transferase- RXR-α e’ stato perso solo quando tutti gli 11 siti sono stati mutati (HBD-11m-IGFBP-3). L’espressione del recettore nucleare RXR-α non ha indotto il trasporto al nucleo di mutanti al sito di localizzazione nucleare di IGFBP-3, i quali sono in grado di legare RXR-α, anche in seguito a trattamento con un ligando per RXR-α. L’espressione di HBD-11m-IGFBP-3 e’ ancora in grado di indurre apoptosi in cellule PC-3 in maniera indipendente dagli IGF, così come determinato mediante analisi di citofluorimetria con Annexin V. In conclusione in cellule PC-3, RXR-α non e’ richiesto per la traslocazione nucleare di IGFBP-3 e IGFBP-3 e’ in grado di indurre apoptosi in cellule di cancro umano della prostata senza legarsi a RXR-α.
Zappala, G. (2009). Induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 does not require binding to retinoid X receptor-α [10.58015/zappala-giovanna_phd2009-03-10].
Induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 does not require binding to retinoid X receptor-α
ZAPPALA, GIOVANNA
2009-03-10
Abstract
IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells directly without sequestering IGF-I and -II. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-3 remain unclear. IGFBP-3, a secreted protein, can be internalized and translocate to the nucleus. It binds to the nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α. Binding to RXR-α has been proposed to be required for IGFBP-3 to induce apoptosis. The present study tests this hypothesis in the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells express RXR-α, and apoptosis is induced by incubation with RXR-specific ligand. A COOH-terminal region in IGFBP-3 (residues 215–232) contains a nuclear localization signal, and binding domains for RXR-α and heparin (HBD). Different combinations of the 11 amino acids in this region that differ from IGFBP-1, a related IGFBP, which does not localize to the nucleus or bind RXR-α, were mutated to the IGFBP-1 sequence. By confocal imaging, mutation of residues 228-KGRKR-232 in nonsecreted IGFBP-3 diminished its nuclear localization. IGFBP-3 binding to glutathione S-transferase-RXR-α only was lost when all 11 sites were mutated (HBD-11m-IGFBP-3). Expressed nuclear RXR-α did not transport cytoplasmic IGFBP-3 nuclear localization signal mutants that can bind RXR-α to the nucleus even after treatment with RXR ligand. Expressed HBD-11m-IGFBP-3 still induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells in an IGF-independent manner as determined by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V staining. We conclude that in PC-3 cells, RXR-α is not required for the nuclear translocation of IGFBP-3 and that IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells without binding RXR-α.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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