Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) has shown a variety of effects on cells and pathways of the immune system. Tα1 has been shown to exert an immunomodulatory activity towards both T cell and NK maturation. Moreover, Tα1 has been shown to act on effector functions of mature lymphocytes, such as cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. Several clinical studies on patients with infectious or other diseases, have already demonstrated the high tolerability and the absolute safety of Tα1, without side effects at all used doses. In addition, Tα1 has the ability to activate infected dendritic cells through Toll-like receptor signalling, thus influencing the inflammation balance, and increasing the expression of tumour, viral, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigens. However, information regarding the use of Tα1 in patients with HIV infection is very limited. The principal aim of the experiments performed in the framework of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate which genes belonging to immune response pathways could be regulated by Tα1 in vitro in PBMCs from HIV infected individuals. This, to obtain new information on the effect of Tα1 on the transcriptional activity in these patients and to further understand the impaired immune response in PBMCs from HIV+ patients and a possible helpfulness of the use Tα1 in combination with antiretroviral therapy for the control of HIV infection. HIV+ individuals were enrolled in an open cross-sectional study. In vitro PBMCs from HIV+ individuals and from healthy donors were isolated. Fresh cells were used for flow cytometric analysis of cellular proteins (CD4+ CD8+), cells were incubated with Tα1 (50μg/ml) for 48h to evaluate gene expression profile using Human Autoimmune & Inflammatory response microarray system. Based on the results of microarray analysis, the expression of genes modulated was quantified using Real Time PCR. The results confirm the ability of Tα1 to regulate, in lymphoid cells, the transcriptional response of a high number of genes involved in the immune response. Interestingly, the transcriptional response to Tα1 treatment is elevated in HIV+ patients as well as in healthy donors, but the degree of modulation was different between the two groups, suggesting a differential effect owing to the basal condition of cellular activation of the PBMCs from HIV+ patients and healthy donors and the distribution of Tα1 targeted cells. The stimulation of the production of chemokines by Tα1 in PBMCs from HIV+ patients indicates for a dual role of this peptide in the simultaneously immune modulator and antiviral action. The phenotype of HIV+ PBMCs showed an higher percentage of CD8+ cell. Thus, the different modulation of chemokines in the patients and healthy donors, might be due to the preferential cell target of Tα1. Taking in account the impossibility to eradicate the virus from the reservoir, the ART therapy is able at the moment to inhibit the virus replication and promote the recovery of T cell compartment. The application of Tα1 that could be able to act at the same time as immune adjuvant and simultaneously opposite the infection would represent an interesting additional approach to HIV infection.
La Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) mostra una varietà di effetti sulle cellule e sulle vie di segnale del sistema immunitario. La Tα1 ha attività immunomodulante sia nelle cellule T che nella maturazione delle cellule NK. Inoltre ha attività come effettore sulla maturazione dei linfociti attraverso la produzione di citochine e attività citotossica. Diversi studi clinici su pazienti con infezioni o altre malattie, hanno inoltre dimostrato l’alta tollerabilità e l’assoluta sicurezza della Tα1, senza effetti collaterali a tutte le dosi utilizzate. In aggiunta, la Tα1 ha la capacità di attivare le cellule dentritiche infette attraverso la via di segnale indotta dai recettori Toll, influenzando in questo modo l’equlibirio infiammatorio e aumentando l’espressione di antigeni virali, tumorali e il complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità (MHC)I. Tuttavia le informazioni riguardanti l’uso della Tα1 in pazienti con infezione da HIV è molto limitata. Lo scopo principale degli esperimenti eseguiti per questa tesi è stato quello di analizzare quali geni coinvolti della risposta immunitaria possono essere regolati dalla Tα1 in vitro in PBMCs ottenuti da pazienti HIV. Questo per ottenere nuove informazioni sugli effetti della Tα1 sull’attività trascrizionale in questi pazienti, per meglio capire la risposta immunitaria compromessa in individui HIV+ e un possibile uso della Tα1 in combinazione con l’ART per il controllo dell’infezione da HIV. Pazienti HIV+ sono stati arruolati in uno studio trasversale ed in vitro i loro PBMCs e quelli di donatori sani sono stati isolati. A fresco le cellule sono state utilizzate per analizzare in citometria a flusso l’espressione delle molecole di superficie CD4+ CD8+, le cellule sono state incubate con Tα1 (50μg/ml) per 48h per analizzare l’espressione genica utilizzando un “Human Autoimmune & Inflammatory response” microarray. Dai risultati ottenuti dall’analisi del microarray, l’espressione di alcuni geni modulati è stata quantificata in Real Time PCR. I risultati confermano la capacità della timosina di regolare, nei linfociti, la risposta trascrizionale di un elevato numero di geni coinvolti nella risposta immunitaria. Risultato interessante, la risposta trascrizionale indotta dal trattamento con la Tα1, è elevata sia nei pazienti HIV+ che nei donatori sani, ma il grado di modulazione è differente tra i due gruppi suggerendo un effetto differente dovuto alla condizione basale di attivazione cellulare dei PBMCs dei pazienti e dei donatori e la distribuzione delle cellule bersaglio della Tα1. La stimolazione della produzione di chemochine indotta dalla Tα1 in PBMCs di pazienti HIV+, indica un doppio ruolo di questo peptide nell’attività antivirale ed immunomodulatoria. Il fenotipo dei pazienti infetti mostra una percentuale elevata di cellule CD8+. Quindi, la diversa modulazione delle chemochine nei pazienti e nei donatori potrebbe essere dovuta ad un preferenziale bersaglio cellulare della Tα1. L’applicazione della Tα1, che è capace allo stesso tempo di agire come adiuvante immunitario e simultaneamente opporsi all’infezione, potrebbe rappresentare un interessante nuovo approccio all’infezione da HIV.
Minutolo, A. (2009). Transcriptional regulation by thymosin alpha-1 in peripheral blood monuclear cell from HIV positive patients.
Transcriptional regulation by thymosin alpha-1 in peripheral blood monuclear cell from HIV positive patients
MINUTOLO, ANTONELLA
2009-01-08
Abstract
Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) has shown a variety of effects on cells and pathways of the immune system. Tα1 has been shown to exert an immunomodulatory activity towards both T cell and NK maturation. Moreover, Tα1 has been shown to act on effector functions of mature lymphocytes, such as cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. Several clinical studies on patients with infectious or other diseases, have already demonstrated the high tolerability and the absolute safety of Tα1, without side effects at all used doses. In addition, Tα1 has the ability to activate infected dendritic cells through Toll-like receptor signalling, thus influencing the inflammation balance, and increasing the expression of tumour, viral, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigens. However, information regarding the use of Tα1 in patients with HIV infection is very limited. The principal aim of the experiments performed in the framework of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate which genes belonging to immune response pathways could be regulated by Tα1 in vitro in PBMCs from HIV infected individuals. This, to obtain new information on the effect of Tα1 on the transcriptional activity in these patients and to further understand the impaired immune response in PBMCs from HIV+ patients and a possible helpfulness of the use Tα1 in combination with antiretroviral therapy for the control of HIV infection. HIV+ individuals were enrolled in an open cross-sectional study. In vitro PBMCs from HIV+ individuals and from healthy donors were isolated. Fresh cells were used for flow cytometric analysis of cellular proteins (CD4+ CD8+), cells were incubated with Tα1 (50μg/ml) for 48h to evaluate gene expression profile using Human Autoimmune & Inflammatory response microarray system. Based on the results of microarray analysis, the expression of genes modulated was quantified using Real Time PCR. The results confirm the ability of Tα1 to regulate, in lymphoid cells, the transcriptional response of a high number of genes involved in the immune response. Interestingly, the transcriptional response to Tα1 treatment is elevated in HIV+ patients as well as in healthy donors, but the degree of modulation was different between the two groups, suggesting a differential effect owing to the basal condition of cellular activation of the PBMCs from HIV+ patients and healthy donors and the distribution of Tα1 targeted cells. The stimulation of the production of chemokines by Tα1 in PBMCs from HIV+ patients indicates for a dual role of this peptide in the simultaneously immune modulator and antiviral action. The phenotype of HIV+ PBMCs showed an higher percentage of CD8+ cell. Thus, the different modulation of chemokines in the patients and healthy donors, might be due to the preferential cell target of Tα1. Taking in account the impossibility to eradicate the virus from the reservoir, the ART therapy is able at the moment to inhibit the virus replication and promote the recovery of T cell compartment. The application of Tα1 that could be able to act at the same time as immune adjuvant and simultaneously opposite the infection would represent an interesting additional approach to HIV infection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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