The thesis focuses on three different issues largely debated in the literature on health economics: the relationship between obesity and labor market outcomes, the moral hazard on health related behaviours caused by health insurance and the evaluation of an outreach initiative to engage and retain underserved individuals affected by HIV in primary care. The first chapter, “Wages and Weight in Europe: Evidence using Quantile Regression Model” studies the economic side of the increasing rate of obesity by examining the relationship between obesity and wages using data for nine countries from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) over the period 1998-2001. We improve upon the existing literature by adopting a Quantile Regression approach to characterize the heterogenous impact of obesity at different points of the wage distribution. Our results show that i) the evidence obtained from mean regression and pooled analysis hides a significant amount of heterogeneity as the relationship between obesity and wages differs across countries and wages quantiles and ii) cultural, environmental or institutional settings do not seem to be able to explain differences among countries, leaving room for a pure discriminatory effect hypothesis. The second chapter, “Does Health Insurance make you fat?”, examines whether health insurance causes moral hazard in health behaviors associated with body weight. Health care expenditures among the obese are higher than those of normal weight individuals, and, in the absence of risk-rated premiums, individuals will be shielded from the incremental medical care costs associated with obesity. However, even when health insurance premiums are risk rated, individuals may make inefficient decisions with respect to eating and physical activity that lead to obesity. In this chapter, we develop a simple two period theoretical model of consumption, saving and preventive effort to characterize the health insurance externalities and show how the moral hazard effect can be neutralized by risk aversion. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) over the period 1989-2004 to empirically estimate the model and examine the relationship between employer-sponsored health insurance coverage and body weight as well as the relationship between health insurance and physical activity. We find little evidence to support the existence of important externalities in this market, questioning the desirability of government intervention as a response to rising rates of obesity. The third chapter, “Does Retention in Care Increase Life Expectancy? Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Outreach Program”, is a cost-effectiveness analysis of strategies used to engage and retain underserved HIV positive individuals in primary care in the US. The Outreach Initiative (2004-2006), funded by the Special Programs of National Significance (SPNS) served as the primary data source for this analysis. We developed a Markov model to predict the life expectancy of program participants based on changes in CD4 count, viral load, AIDS status, and Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) adherence that occurred during six months of program participation. Through data extrapolated from clinical literature, we compare this intervention group to a hypothetical control group and found that program participants were predicted to live 1.415 year longer than non-participants, adjusting for quality of life. By incorporating program costs into the model, within the base-case scenario, each additional life-year gained costs $4,718 per person. Filling the void in HIV/AIDS research on costs and long term impacts of outreach interventions, this result suggests that the program is highly cost effective, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for cost effectiveness analysis.
La tesi si concentra su tre diverse problematiche largamente dibattute nell’Economia Sanitaria: la relazione tra obesità e conseguenze sul mercato del lavoro, azzardo morale causato dall’assicurazione sanitaria su comportamenti legati alla salute e la valutazione di un’iniziativa di assistenza per coinvolgere e mantenere in cura individui marginalizzati affetti da HIV. Il primo capitolo, “Wages and Weight in Europe: Evidence using Quantile Regression Model”, studia l’aspetto economico del crescente tasso di obesità in Europa, esaminando la relazione tra obesità e salari utilizzando dati per nove Paesi ottenuti dall’European Community Household Panel (ECHP) nel periodo 1998-2001. L’apporto originale rispetto alla letteratura esistente consiste nell’approccio della Regressione Quantilica per caratterizzare l’impatto eterogeneo dell’obesità su diversi punti della distribuzione salariale. I nostri risultati mostrano che i) l’evidenza ottenuta dalle regressioni sulla media nascondono gran parte dell’eterogeneità poiché la relazione tra obesità e salari differisce tra Paesi e quantili salariali, e ii) aspetti culturali, ambientali o istituzionali non sono in grado di spiegare le differenze tra Paesi, lasciando spazio all’ipotesi di un puro effetto di discriminazione nei confronti degli obesi nel mercato del lavoro. Il secondo capitolo, “Does Health Insurance make you fat?”, esamina se l’assicurazione sanitaria causa azzardo morale nei comportamenti associati al peso corporeo. Le spese per le cure sanitarie tra gli obesi, sono maggiori rispetto a quelle degli individui con peso corporeo regolare, e in assenza di premi assicurativi che tengono conto del rischio, gli individui sono protetti dai maggiori costi per le cure mediche associate all’obesità. Comunque, anche quando i premi dell’assicurazione sanitaria tengono conto del rischio, gli individui possono adottare scelte inefficienti rispetto ai comportamenti alimentari e all’attività fisica che portano all’obesità. In questo capitolo sviluppiamo un semplice modello teorico a due periodi in cui gli individui decidono quante risorse allocare per il consumo, risparmio e cure preventive per caratterizzare le esternalità dell’assicurazione sanitaria e mostriamo come l’effetto di azzardo morale può essere neutralizzato dall’avversione al rischio. Utilizziamo dati dal National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) per il periodo 1989-2004 per stimare empiricamente il modello ed esaminare la relazione tra assicurazione sanitaria offerta dal datore di lavoro e peso corporeo, così come la relazione tra assicurazione sanitaria e attività fisica. Troviamo scarsa evidenza empirica per supportare l’esistenza di importanti esternalità in questo mercato, mettendo in discussione l’opportunità di un intervento governativo in risposta ai crescenti tassi di obesità. Il terzo capitolo, “Does Retention in Care Increase Life Expectancy? Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Outreach Program”, è un’analisi costi benefici di strategie utilizzate per coinvolgere e mantenere in cura individui marginalizzati affetti da HIV negli Stati Uniti. L’Outreach Initiative (2004-2006), finanziata da Special Programs of National Significance (SPNS) è la principale fonte di dati per questa analisi. Abbiamo sviluppato un modello Markov per predirre le aspettative di vita dei partecipanti al programma basato su cambiamenti sul CD4 count, viral load, AIDS e aderenza a Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), avvenuti durante sei mesi di partecipazione al programma. Attraverso dati estrapolati dalla letteratura clinica, confrontiamo questo gruppo di intervento con un ipotetico gruppo di controllo e i nostri risultati mostrano come i partecipanti al programma hanno 1.415 anni di vita attesi in più rispetto ai non partecipanti, tenendo conto della qualità della vita. Incorporando i costi del programma nel modello, otteniamo che ciascun anno addizionale di vita costa $4,718 per individuo. Colmando il vuoto sulla ricerca nell’HIV/AIDS sui costi e gli effetti di lungo periodo degli interventi di assistenza, questo risultato suggerisce che il programma è altamente conveniente, in termini di costi-benefici, secondo i valori definiti dal World Health Organization (WHO) per l’analisi costi-benefici.
Pace, N. (2008). Essays on health economics.
Essays on health economics
PACE, NOEMI
2008-09-09
Abstract
The thesis focuses on three different issues largely debated in the literature on health economics: the relationship between obesity and labor market outcomes, the moral hazard on health related behaviours caused by health insurance and the evaluation of an outreach initiative to engage and retain underserved individuals affected by HIV in primary care. The first chapter, “Wages and Weight in Europe: Evidence using Quantile Regression Model” studies the economic side of the increasing rate of obesity by examining the relationship between obesity and wages using data for nine countries from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) over the period 1998-2001. We improve upon the existing literature by adopting a Quantile Regression approach to characterize the heterogenous impact of obesity at different points of the wage distribution. Our results show that i) the evidence obtained from mean regression and pooled analysis hides a significant amount of heterogeneity as the relationship between obesity and wages differs across countries and wages quantiles and ii) cultural, environmental or institutional settings do not seem to be able to explain differences among countries, leaving room for a pure discriminatory effect hypothesis. The second chapter, “Does Health Insurance make you fat?”, examines whether health insurance causes moral hazard in health behaviors associated with body weight. Health care expenditures among the obese are higher than those of normal weight individuals, and, in the absence of risk-rated premiums, individuals will be shielded from the incremental medical care costs associated with obesity. However, even when health insurance premiums are risk rated, individuals may make inefficient decisions with respect to eating and physical activity that lead to obesity. In this chapter, we develop a simple two period theoretical model of consumption, saving and preventive effort to characterize the health insurance externalities and show how the moral hazard effect can be neutralized by risk aversion. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) over the period 1989-2004 to empirically estimate the model and examine the relationship between employer-sponsored health insurance coverage and body weight as well as the relationship between health insurance and physical activity. We find little evidence to support the existence of important externalities in this market, questioning the desirability of government intervention as a response to rising rates of obesity. The third chapter, “Does Retention in Care Increase Life Expectancy? Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Outreach Program”, is a cost-effectiveness analysis of strategies used to engage and retain underserved HIV positive individuals in primary care in the US. The Outreach Initiative (2004-2006), funded by the Special Programs of National Significance (SPNS) served as the primary data source for this analysis. We developed a Markov model to predict the life expectancy of program participants based on changes in CD4 count, viral load, AIDS status, and Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) adherence that occurred during six months of program participation. Through data extrapolated from clinical literature, we compare this intervention group to a hypothetical control group and found that program participants were predicted to live 1.415 year longer than non-participants, adjusting for quality of life. By incorporating program costs into the model, within the base-case scenario, each additional life-year gained costs $4,718 per person. Filling the void in HIV/AIDS research on costs and long term impacts of outreach interventions, this result suggests that the program is highly cost effective, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for cost effectiveness analysis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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