The Role of V2G in Grid Flexibility and Renewable Use

As urbanization increases, there is a rising demand for innovative and sustainable infrastructures supporting the growing adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs). One promising solution is the Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows EVs to interact bidirectionally with the electric grid, supplying energy during peak-demand periods and drawing energy when demand is low. V2G technology presents significant opportunities for enhancing energy management, stabilizing electricity grids, and advancing environmental sustainability. However, scaling up its implemention requires coordinated efforts from various stakeholders to address technological and regulatory challenges. We have conducted a comphrensive literature review on ex-ante, ex-post and in-itinere assessments, and explored case studies of pioneering cities that have adopted V2G. This review identifies best practices and proposes strategies for overcoming barriers to overcome implementation barriers. This study will evaluate the prespectives of various stakeholders including users, vehicles, infrastructures and the electricity grid—by analyzing the features of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), bidirectional charging systems, battery packs, and interfaces, with a focus on assessing their potential to support the electric grid needs. Moreover, the study will address technologies focused on improving grid resilience, as well as exploring their technological and economic benefits, and the challenges that still need to be overcome. In conclusion, while challenges remain regarding technical and regulatory frameworks, case studies of pioneering cities provide a solid starting point and offer valuable insights. The integration of V2G into smart cities represents a major advancement in promoting sustainable urban development, positioning EVs to serve as dynamic energy resources that also support the optimization of renewable energy generation facilities.