State-of-the-art of hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles

This article offers a critical review of recent advances in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles, emphasizing architectures that integrate supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries to overcome the limitations of current energy storage technologies. The review examines the essential role of power electronic converters in managing energy flow and improving system performance. It also discusses modeling approaches and the development of advanced energy management strategies. Modern topics, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and digital twin models, are explored for their potential to enhance system efficiency and reliability through health monitoring and predictive maintenance. The review also considers some alternative HESS applications beyond the conventional automotive realm, offering insights into the potential design ideas for high-performance, sustainable transportation systems. Finally, future research directions are proposed to help academia and industry identify the main pathways for improving the next generation of electric vehicles.