Novel soybean oil-based 3D printed resin membrane used for guided bone regeneration in calvaria bone critical-size defects: a microtomographic and histologic study in rats

Background: Osseointegrated implants are essential for rehabilitating edentulous patients, but critical bone defects remain challenging. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) with barrier membranes is an effective approach. This study evaluated a 3D printed membrane made from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) combined with a xenogeneic graft for GBR in critical-size defects. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats (150 g) were assigned to four groups: a negative control group (NC, blood clot only), a positive control group (PC, biomaterial without membrane), a negative test group (NT, blood clot with membrane), and a positive test group (PT, biomaterial with membrane). Results: The PT group showed the highest bone volume and superior bone maturation compared to the other groups. Bone quality parameters (Tb.N, Tb.Th) indicated enhanced maturation in the groups using the membrane. A histological analysis confirmed centripetal bone formation. Conclusion: The AESO-based membrane provided mechanical support and controlled resorption, addressing collagen membrane limitations. Its combination with the GTO® graft material enhanced osteoconduction, bone formation, and bone quality, highlighting its potential for complex bone defect reconstructions.