Analysis of the performances of electric vehicle batteries: a systematic literature review

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly becoming the main mobility option, with global sales in 2023 driven predominantly by China (60%), Europe (25%) and the United States (10%). This widespread adoption has intensified demand for EV batteries, which exceeded 750 GWh in 2023, marking a 40% year-on-year increase. As EVs expand in number, battery performance and reuse emerge as pivotal challenges in the transition to sustainable mobility. This study presents a systematic literature review focussing on the performance evaluation and life prediction of EV batteries, with a primary emphasis on lithium-ion technology, which is the more common technologies. Using a bibliometric clustering approach by CiteSpace©, the review identifies key research domains and highlights critical gaps, especially the underrepresentation of real-world usage conditions in performance models. This review integrates findings across diagnostic, modelling and field-performance studies to propose a unified framework for evaluating EV battery performance under dynamic operating conditions. Findings reveal that while numerous diagnostic tools and modelling techniques exist, their applicability to dynamic operational contexts remains limited. The results aim to support future innovation in battery management systems (BMSs), second-life strategies and potentially circular economy applications, providing both a scientific foundation and practical guidance for advancing sustainable energy solutions.