Main object of the study was to analyze factors that may play a role in the response of the retina against oxidative stress. In the first part of my PhD study, I examined the impact of glucose variability on rat retinal Müller cells (rMC-1) adapted to either normal (5 mM) or high glucose levels (25 mM), to simulate diabetic conditions. It is well-known that hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress, to which the retina is particularly susceptible. Müller cells are mainly responsible for retinal redox homeostasis. Although it has been recognized that chronic hyperglycemia is known to cause a dysfunction of Müller cells, characterized by high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporins (AQP), it is not yet known whether glycemic fluctuations can also cause Müller cell activation. We show that rMC-1 cells are viable when maintained under both normal and elevated glucose conditions. However, their susceptibility to glucose excursions is different. In cells maintained under normal conditions, significant glial activation was observed not only in response to constant high glucose, but also to low/high glucose fluctuations. Conversely, cells adapted to high glucose were characterized by higher basal levels of glial activation markers which were not affected by a further glucose increase. Surprisingly, an increase of markers was observed only when Müller cells returned to normal glucose conditions. Overall, our data highlight an activation of Müller cells following exposure to glucose excursions, confirming previous results obtained on patients in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, cell response is significantly affected by the glucose amount to which the cells are adapted. This evidence should be taken into consideration in the experimental approach for the evaluation of the metabolic alterations involved in neuroretinal damage in DR. In the second part of the thesis, I analyzed the role played by glutathione-Stransferase (GST), in particular the GSTP isoform, in the pathophysiology of the retina. In fact, this family of enzymes is known to be an endogenous regulator of cell survival and proliferation pathways and to be involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The study was conducted on R28 cells, a retinal precursor cell line with markers of both glial and neuronal origin. The cells were silenced for GSTP, obtaining stable clones which were viable and, unexpectedly, characterized by a neuronal phenotype. The degree of neuronal differentiation was found inversely correlated with GSTP residual expression levels. The clone with the lowest level of GSTP showed metabolic reprogramming, a more favorable redox status and, despite its neuronal phenotype, a sensitivity to glutamate and 4‐hydroxynonenal toxicity comparable to that of control cells. Altogether our evidence shows that near full depletion of GSTP in retinal precursor cells, triggers pro-survival metabolic changes and neuronal differentiation.
Obiettivo generale dello studio è stato l’analisi di fattori che possano giocare un ruolo nella risposta della retina allo stress ossidativo, contribuendo a ristabilirne l’omeostasi. In particolare, nella prima parte del lavoro, lo scopo è stato quello di analizzare l'impatto della variabilità del glucosio sulle cellule di Müller di retina di ratto (rMC-1), adattate sia a livelli di glucosio normale (5 mM) che elevato (25 mM), per simulare le condizioni diabetiche. È noto che l'iperglicemia cronica induce nei tessuti uno stress ossidativo, al quale la retina è particolarmente sensibile (Olvera Montano et al., 2019). Le cellule di Müller sono tra i principali detossificatori retinici delle specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS) (Coughlin et al., 2017). Nonostante sia da tempo accertato che l’iperglicemia causi una disfunzione di queste cellule, caratterizzata da alti livelli della proteina gliale fibrillare acida (GFAP) e delle acquaporine (AQP), non è ancora stato chiarito se anche le fluttuazioni glicemiche possano causare l'attivazione delle cellule Müller. Noi abbiamo osservato che le rMC-1 sono vitali sia quando sono mantenute in condizioni di glucosio normale che elevato. Tuttavia, la loro risposta alle escursioni di glucosio è diversa. Nelle cellule in condizioni normali, si osserva un'attivazione gliale significativa non solo in risposta alla esposizione ad alto glucosio costante, ma anche quando sono esposte ad una alternanza di glucosio basso ed alto. Al contrario, le cellule adattate ad alto glucosio, presentano un elevato livello basale dei marker di attivazione gliare e l’esposizione a più alti valori di glucosio, sia costante che alternato, non induce un’ulteriore attivazione. Sorprendentemente, un aumento dei marker si osserva solo quando le cellule sono riportate in condizioni normali di glucosio. Complessivamente, i nostri dati evidenziano un’attivazione delle cellule di Müller in seguito ad un’esposizione a concentrazioni variabili di glucosio, confermando risultati precedentemente ottenuti su pazienti nelle fasi iniziali della retinopatia diabetica (DR). Inoltre, evidenziano come questa risposta sia significativamente influenzata dalle condizioni basali di glucosio a cui le cellule sono adattate. Questo va tenuto in considerazione quando si decidono le condizioni sperimentali per valutare le alterazioni metaboliche coinvolte nel danno neuro-retinico nella DR. Nella seconda parte del mio PhD, ho analizzato il ruolo svolto dalla glutatione-S-transferasi (GST), in particolare l'isoforma GSTP, nella patofisiologia della retina. Infatti, questa famiglia di enzimi è nota essere un regolatore endogeno delle vie di sopravvivenza e di proliferazione cellulare e essere coinvolta nella risposta cellulare allo stress ossidativo. Lo studio è stato condotto sulla linea cellulare di retina di ratto, R28. Queste cellule sono note per le loro proprietà di precursori delle cellule retiniche, presentando marcatori sia gliali che neuronali. Le R28 sono state silenziate per la GSTP, ottenendo cloni stabili che sono risultati vitali e inaspettatamente caratterizzati da un fenotipo neuronale. Il grado di differenziamento neuronale è risultato essere inversamente correlato con i livelli di espressione residua di GSTP. Il clone con il più basso livello di GSTP ha mostrato una riprogrammazione metabolica, uno stato redox più favorevole e, nonostante il suo fenotipo neuronale, una sensibilità alla tossicità causata da glutammato o dal 4- idrossinonale paragonabile a quella delle cellule di controllo. Complessivamente, questi risultati mostrano che in seguito alla deplezione di GSTP nelle cellule precursori della retina vengono indotte alterazioni metaboliche che aumentano la sopravvivenza e favoriscono l’acquisizione di un fenotipo neuronale.
Sciarretta, F. (2019). Effects of glucose variability and glutathione s-tansferase silencing on retinal cells.
Effects of glucose variability and glutathione s-tansferase silencing on retinal cells
SCIARRETTA, FRANCESCA
2019-01-01
Abstract
Main object of the study was to analyze factors that may play a role in the response of the retina against oxidative stress. In the first part of my PhD study, I examined the impact of glucose variability on rat retinal Müller cells (rMC-1) adapted to either normal (5 mM) or high glucose levels (25 mM), to simulate diabetic conditions. It is well-known that hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress, to which the retina is particularly susceptible. Müller cells are mainly responsible for retinal redox homeostasis. Although it has been recognized that chronic hyperglycemia is known to cause a dysfunction of Müller cells, characterized by high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporins (AQP), it is not yet known whether glycemic fluctuations can also cause Müller cell activation. We show that rMC-1 cells are viable when maintained under both normal and elevated glucose conditions. However, their susceptibility to glucose excursions is different. In cells maintained under normal conditions, significant glial activation was observed not only in response to constant high glucose, but also to low/high glucose fluctuations. Conversely, cells adapted to high glucose were characterized by higher basal levels of glial activation markers which were not affected by a further glucose increase. Surprisingly, an increase of markers was observed only when Müller cells returned to normal glucose conditions. Overall, our data highlight an activation of Müller cells following exposure to glucose excursions, confirming previous results obtained on patients in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, cell response is significantly affected by the glucose amount to which the cells are adapted. This evidence should be taken into consideration in the experimental approach for the evaluation of the metabolic alterations involved in neuroretinal damage in DR. In the second part of the thesis, I analyzed the role played by glutathione-Stransferase (GST), in particular the GSTP isoform, in the pathophysiology of the retina. In fact, this family of enzymes is known to be an endogenous regulator of cell survival and proliferation pathways and to be involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The study was conducted on R28 cells, a retinal precursor cell line with markers of both glial and neuronal origin. The cells were silenced for GSTP, obtaining stable clones which were viable and, unexpectedly, characterized by a neuronal phenotype. The degree of neuronal differentiation was found inversely correlated with GSTP residual expression levels. The clone with the lowest level of GSTP showed metabolic reprogramming, a more favorable redox status and, despite its neuronal phenotype, a sensitivity to glutamate and 4‐hydroxynonenal toxicity comparable to that of control cells. Altogether our evidence shows that near full depletion of GSTP in retinal precursor cells, triggers pro-survival metabolic changes and neuronal differentiation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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