The relationship between congenital heart diseases and placental abnormalities: the role of transposition of the great arteries hemodynamic during the fetal life

The placenta is an extraordinary organ that plays a crucial role in maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. Since ancient times, its structural complexity and multiple physiological functions have fascinated scholars. However, only recently has scientific research begun to unveil the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating its development, function, and interactions with the maternal and fetal environments. The placenta is a temporary organ with vital roles in safeguarding the health of the developing fetus and the mother during mammalian pregnancy. Moreover, its profound influence on the long-term health of both the offspring and the mother has been recognized. Acting as an interface between the fetal and maternal environments during gestation, the placenta functions as a bridge for the exchange of materials between mother and fetus, as well as an endocrine organ that produces multiple hormones and growth factors to regulate adaptation to pregnancy.