Analysis of the methods for human-induced events risk evaluation for critical infrastructures like energy production plants based on nuclear reactions

As the global demand for sustainable, low-carbon energy intensifies, nuclear fusion and fission technologies are gaining renewed attention for their ability to provide large-scale clean energy. Fusion, in particular, is emerging as a promising technology on the path to commercialization, while countries such as Italy are reconsidering nuclear fission after decades of dormancy. This study presents a synthesized review of prior research by the authors, adapted specifically to the context of critical nuclear infrastructures. Although the methodologies discussed are applicable to other high-risk infrastructures (e.g., chemical plants, industrial facilities), the focus here is on nuclear fission and fusion plants due to their unique operational and risk characteristics, including radioactive material handling, complex control systems, and heightened geopolitical sensitivity. The paper evaluates threats such as sabotage, cyberattacks, insider threats, and malicious interference, using internationally recognized risk assessment methodologies. Furthermore, the study introduces proactive strategies aimed at increasing resilience, such as threat-specific site analysis, integration of redundant security systems, and the development of facility-specific response protocols. These recommendations apply not only to energy-producing plants but also to widely distributed research facilities in the fusion and fission sectors. By bridging regulatory expectations, methodological approaches, and strategic planning, this work contributes to the design of secure, adaptable, and resilient nuclear infrastructures.