The progressive consolidation of intellectual solidarity, at the heart of UNESCO's mandate, is the driving force and essential condition of all its actions. In the development of action to protect cultural heritage, this challenge is becoming more and more difficult and delicate, due precisely to the important successes already achieved in such action, which lead to progressively more ambitious and complex issues. An idea of cultural heritage has now become established that embraces both the tangible and the intangible, protected in separate treaties, which develop through their application tools the shared technical language indispensable for effective international protection and oriented - as stated in the UNESCO Constitution - towards building ‘a peace that is not to fail’. In this context, on the one hand, the conclusion of the WIPO agreement in May 2024 for the protection, as intellectual property, of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources represents a partial but extremely interesting result with respect to an issue that has been debated for a long time. On the other hand, the reflection developed in the framework of the World Heritage Committee on sites of memory associated with recent conflicts, which led to the adoption of guiding principles and a contestation mechanism in 2023, touches on particularly delicate topics that are structurally very difficult to address in the application of the 1972 UNESCO Convention. Despite the necessary separation of the fields of application of the various conventions, the interdisciplinary approach to cultural heritage is in some respects a natural and obligatory path, although sometimes unconscious and inadequately planned, in other respects an experience to be intentionally pursued on the basis of common elements and objectives, even if it is difficult to build a core of shared technical language between the different scientific-disciplinary sectors involved. It is only through the synergic application of multiple legal instruments, of both treaty and soft law nature, - impossible without a fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue - that one can, in fact, truly correspond to the rationale of each of those instruments within the framework of the international legal system, thus contributing to the development of a climate of cooperation genuinely perceived as respectful of the different priorities expressed by the various components of the international community and functional to the progressive realisation of peace and human rights.
Il progressivo consolidamento della solidarietà intellettuale, al cuore del mandato dell’UNESCO, è motore e condizione essenziale di ciascuna delle sue azioni. Negli sviluppi dell’azione a protezione del patrimonio culturale, tale sfida si sta facendo sempre più difficile e delicata, a ben guardare proprio a motivo degli importanti successi già conseguiti in tale azione, che conducono ad affrontare temi progressivamente più ambiziosi e complessi. Si è ormai affermata un’idea di patrimonio culturale che abbraccia sia il tangibile che l’intangibile, tutelati in trattati distinti, che sviluppano attraverso i loro strumenti applicativi il linguaggio tecnico condiviso indispensabile per una protezione internazionale efficace ed orientata – come affermato nella Costituzione dell’UNESCO – a costruire “a peace that is not to fail”. In tale quadro, da un lato la conclusione dell’accordo WIPO del maggio 2024 per la protezione, a titolo di proprietà intellettuale, dei saperi tradizionali associati alle risorse genetiche rappresenta un risultato parziale ma estremamente interessante rispetto a una problematica dibattuta da molto tempo. D’altro lato, la riflessione sviluppata nell’ambito del Comitato del patrimonio mondiale sui siti della memoria associati ai recenti conflitti, che ha portato nel 2023 all’adozione di principi guida e di un meccanismo di contestazione, tocca argomenti particolarmente delicati, strutturalmente molto difficili da affrontare nell’applicazione della convenzione UNESCO del 1972. Pur nella necessaria separazione degli ambiti di applicazione delle diverse convenzioni, l’approccio interdisciplinare al patrimonio culturale è sotto alcuni aspetti un percorso naturale ed obbligato, sebbene a volte inconsapevole e non adeguatamente programmato, sotto altri aspetti una esperienza da perseguire intenzionalmente sulla base di elementi ed obiettivi comuni, sebbene sia difficile costruire un nucleo di linguaggio tecnico condiviso tra i diversi settori scientifico-disciplinari coinvolti. Solo attraverso la sinergica applicazione di molteplici strumenti giuridici, convenzionali e di soft law,– impossibile senza un fruttuoso dialogo interdisciplinare – si può, infatti, davvero corrispondere alla ratio di ciascuno di essi nel quadro dell’ordinamento giuridico internazionale, contribuendo a sviluppare un clima di cooperazione genuinamente percepito come rispettoso delle diverse priorità espresse dalle varie componenti della comunità internazionale e funzionale alla progressiva realizzazione della pace e dei diritti umani.
Mucci, F. (2025). La protezione internazionale del patrimonio culturale: un’impresa interdisciplinare. In F.M. Serena Facci (a cura di), Patrimonio culturale: l'intangibile nel tangibile (pp. 17-45). Roma : Neoclassica.
La protezione internazionale del patrimonio culturale: un’impresa interdisciplinare
Mucci
2025-05-01
Abstract
The progressive consolidation of intellectual solidarity, at the heart of UNESCO's mandate, is the driving force and essential condition of all its actions. In the development of action to protect cultural heritage, this challenge is becoming more and more difficult and delicate, due precisely to the important successes already achieved in such action, which lead to progressively more ambitious and complex issues. An idea of cultural heritage has now become established that embraces both the tangible and the intangible, protected in separate treaties, which develop through their application tools the shared technical language indispensable for effective international protection and oriented - as stated in the UNESCO Constitution - towards building ‘a peace that is not to fail’. In this context, on the one hand, the conclusion of the WIPO agreement in May 2024 for the protection, as intellectual property, of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources represents a partial but extremely interesting result with respect to an issue that has been debated for a long time. On the other hand, the reflection developed in the framework of the World Heritage Committee on sites of memory associated with recent conflicts, which led to the adoption of guiding principles and a contestation mechanism in 2023, touches on particularly delicate topics that are structurally very difficult to address in the application of the 1972 UNESCO Convention. Despite the necessary separation of the fields of application of the various conventions, the interdisciplinary approach to cultural heritage is in some respects a natural and obligatory path, although sometimes unconscious and inadequately planned, in other respects an experience to be intentionally pursued on the basis of common elements and objectives, even if it is difficult to build a core of shared technical language between the different scientific-disciplinary sectors involved. It is only through the synergic application of multiple legal instruments, of both treaty and soft law nature, - impossible without a fruitful interdisciplinary dialogue - that one can, in fact, truly correspond to the rationale of each of those instruments within the framework of the international legal system, thus contributing to the development of a climate of cooperation genuinely perceived as respectful of the different priorities expressed by the various components of the international community and functional to the progressive realisation of peace and human rights.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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