Direct conjugation of TiO2 nanoparticles with phototherapeutic prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid

TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO(2)NPs) were directly conjugated with the phototherapeutic prodrug, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), using a mild and green approach. The resultant TiO(2)NPs-ALA nanoconjugates were characterized by different techniques, including HPLC, UV-Vis, FTIR-ATR, H-1-NMR, FESEM-EDS, TEM, DLS, and synchrotron radiation-induced XPS (SR-XPS) to assess the successful loading of 15 % and the chemical stability of ALA on the TiO(2)NPs. More importantly, the SR-XPS results showed the stabilizing effect of TiO2 nanosurface on the ALA molecules (against structural change) in neutral and alkaline pHs, which is of great significance in the potential therapeutic applications of ALA. The FESEM and TEM results exhibited the grain-like TiO(2)NPs-ALA particles with a 20-50 nm size distribution, indicating size-controlling effect of ALA on the TiO(2)NPs during the conjugation process and the presence of the organic molecule layer onto the surface. TiO(2)NPs-ALA represents a promising candidate for studies in photodynamic therapy considering the stabilization effect observed by spectroscopic characterizations.