A roadmap for serum biomarkers for hepatitis B virus: current status and future outlook

globally, 296 million people are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and approximately one million people die annually from HBV-related causes, including liver cancer. although there is a preventative vaccine and antiviral therapies suppressing HBV replication, there is no cure. Intensive efforts are under way to develop curative HBV therapies. currently, only a few biomarkers are available for monitoring or predicting HBV disease progression and treatment response. as new therapies become available, new biomarkers to monitor viral and host responses are urgently needed. In october 2020, the International coalition to eliminate hepatitis B Virus (ICE-HBV) held a virtual and interactive workshop on HBV biomarkers endorsed by the International HBV meeting. various stakeholders from academia, clinical practice and the pharmaceutical industry, with complementary expertise, presented and participated in panel discussions. the clinical utility of both classic and emerging viral and immunological serum biomarkers with respect to the course of infection, disease progression, and response to current and emerging treatments was appraised. the latest advances were discussed, and knowledge gaps in understanding and interpretation of HBV biomarkers were identified. this Roadmap summarizes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of HBV biomarkers.