Challenges for implementing vehicle-to-grid services in parking lots: a state of the art

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a vital role in the transition to renewable energy and decarbonisation, and there is increasing global interest in expanding their use. However, the growing number of EVs poses challenges to the electricity grid due to increasing energy demand. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can address these issues by allowing for EVs to charge and discharge energy, thus helping to balance the grid when needed. Aggregating vehicles in designated parking areas optimises energy transfer, making it crucial to identify suitable parking locations and forecast the energy available from parked vehicles. A spatial–temporal framework ensures that V2G services operate efficiently considering both the location and the timing of vehicle parking. This paper reviews studies on temporal–spatial V2G parking demand, identifying high-demand areas such as shopping centres and workplaces, where vehicles park for extended periods. Strategic locations of V2G hubs in these areas ensures seamless integration into existing mobility patterns without disrupting users’ routines. In addition, this review examines user acceptance, technical feasibility, and V2G’s role in reducing grid demand peaks. The findings indicate the potential of effectively implemented V2G services to enhance electricity grid stability and efficiency while minimising disruptions to EV users.