Symptom perception in adults with chronic physical disease: A systematic review of insular impairments

background: to perform self-care, individuals with a chronic illness must be able to perceive bodily changes (ie., interoception) so they can respond to symptoms when they arise. Interoception is regulated by the insular cortex of the brain. symptom perception is poor in various physical diseases, which may be associated with impairments in the insular cortex. objective: the purpose of this study was to explore whether patterns of insular impairment exist among adults with chronic physical diseases and to analyze the relationship with disease-related symptoms. methods: we identified studies that assessed the structure and/or activity of the insula through MRI and/or (f) MRI in adults with chronic physical diseases (vs. healthy controls) by searching five databases. results are re ported as a narrative synthesis. results: fifty studies were conducted to investigate the structure or activity of the insula among adults with diabetes, cancer, heart failure, or chronic pulmonary disease. In 19 studies investigators found that patients with a chronic disease had lower/damaged insular volume/density/thickness than healthy controls or reduced insular blood flow. when insular activity was explored in 22 studies, most investigators reported higher insular activity and lower neural connectivity. five studies explored the association between insular volume/activity and symptom severity: four reported a positive trend. conclusion: people with chronic physical diseases have lower insular grey matter volume/density/thickness and abnormal insular activity when compared to healthy people. Insular activity may be related to symptom severity. these results suggest that insular structure and/or activity may explain poor symptom perception.