Three-dimensional electrically conductive scaffolds to culture cardiac progenitor cells

Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds provide cell support while improving tissue regeneration through amplified cellular responses between implanted materials and native tissues. So far, highly conductive cardiac, nerve, and muscle tissues have been engineered by culturing stem cells on electrically inert scaffolds. These scaffolds, even though suitable, may not be very useful compared to the results shown by cells when cultured on conductive scaffolds. Noticing the mature phenotype the stem cells develop over time when cultured on conductive scaffolds, scientists have been trying to impart conductivity to traditionally nonconductive scaffolds. One way to achieve this goal is to blend conductive polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, PEDOT:PSS) with inert biomaterials and produce a 3D scaffold using various fabrication techniques. One such technique is projection micro-stereolithography, which is an additive manufacturing technique. It uses a photosensitive solution blended with conductive polymers and uses visible/UV light to crosslink the solution. 3D scaffolds with complex architectural features down to microscale resolution can be printed with this technique promptly. This chapter reports a protocol to fabricate electrically conductive scaffolds using projection micro-stereolithography.