Evaluation of integrase resistance in individuals who failed a regimen containing dolutegravir in French and Italian clinical settings

Background This work aims to evaluate integrase resistance and its predictors in HIV-1 infected combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) experienced individuals failing a dolutegravir-based regimen. Methods Major resistance mutations (MRM) and genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) of dolutegravir companion drugs were evaluated on plasma genotypic resistance test (GRT) performed at dolutegravir failure. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated to the risk of integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTI)-resistance at dolutegravir failure. Results We retrospectively analysed 467 individuals. At failure GRT, individuals had been under dolutegravir for a median (IQR) time of 11 (5-20) months; around half of them had never been exposed to INSTI (52%) and 10.7% were at first-line regimen. Fifty-eight (12.4%) individuals showed >= 1 INSTI MRM. Among them, people INSTI-exposed showed significantly higher prevalence of INSTI resistance compared to those who were INSTI naive [46 (21.2%) versus 9 (3.9%), P < 0.001]. N155H was the most prevalent MRM (5.4%), followed by G140S (4.5%) and Q148H (4.3%). These MRM were more probably present in INSTI-experienced individuals compared to those INSTI naive. Despite failure, 89.5% of individuals harboured viral strains fully susceptible to dolutegravir and bictegravir and 85.0% to all INSTI. No INSTI exposure before receiving dolutegravir [OR: 0.35 (0.16-0.78), P < 0.010] and a GSS for companion drugs >= 2 (OR: 0.09 [0.04-0.23], P < 0.001) were negatively associated with INSTI resistance at failure. Conclusions In a large set of individuals failing dolutegravir in real-life, INSTI resistance was low and mainly related to previous first-generation INSTI exposure. Surveillance of integrase resistance remains crucial to preserve efficacy of INSTI class in the future.