Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation effects on spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review

context spasticity is one of the most prevalent impairments following spinal cord injury (SCI). it can lead to a decrease in the patient's functional level. transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has demonstrated motor function improvements following SCI. No systematic reviews were published examining the influences of tSCS on spasticity post-SCI. objectives this review aimed to investigate the effects of tSCS on spasticity in patients with SCI. Methods PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, CINAHL, MEDLINE, REHABDATA, AMED, and web of science databases were searched until June 2021. the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. results six studies met the inclusion criteria. five studies were pilot studies, and one was a case series. the scores on the PEDro scale ranged from two to four, with a median score of four. the results showed heterogenous evidence for the effects of tSCS on spasticity reduction post-SCI. conclusions TSCS appears safe and well-tolerated intervention in patients with SCI. the evidence for the effectiveness of tSCS on spasticity in chronic SCI patients is limited. further randomized controlled studies are strongly needed to study the effects of tSCS on patients with SCI.