Protein Kinase C at the Crossroad of Mutations, Cancer, Targeted Therapy and Immune Response

abstract: the frequent PKC dysregulations observed in many tumors have made these enzymes natural targets for anticancer applications. Nevertheless, this considerable interest in the develop ment of PKC modulators has not led to the expected therapeutic benefits, likely due to the complex biological activities regulated by PKC isoenzymes, often playing ambiguous and protective functions, further driven by the occurrence of mutations. the structure, regulation and functions of PKCs have been extensively covered in other publications. Herein, we focused on PKC alterations mostly associated with complete functional loss. we also addressed the modest yet encouraging results obtained targeting PKC in selected malignancies and the more frequent negative clinical outcomes. the reported observations advocate the need for more selective molecules and a better understanding of the involved pathways. furthermore, we underlined the most relevant immune mechanisms con trolled by PKC isoforms potentially impacting the immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade-mediated immune recovery. we believe that a comprehensive examination of the molecular features of the tumor microenvironment might improve clinical outcomes by tailoring PKC modulation. this ap proach can be further supported by the identification of potential response biomarkers, which may indicate patients who may benefit from the manipulation of distinctive PKC isoforms.