Multi-omics analysis reveals that iron deficiency impairs spermatogenesis by gut-hormone synthesis axis

Considering that research has mainly focussed on how excessive iron supplementation leads to reproductive cytotoxicity, there is a lack of in-depth research on reproductive system disorders caused by iron deficiency. To gain a better understanding of the effects of iron deficiency on the reproductive system, especially spermato-genesis, we first constructed a mouse model of iron deficiency. We employed multi-omic analysis, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, to comprehensively dissect the impact of iron deficiency spermatogenesis. Moreover, we verified our findings in detail using western blot, immunofluorescence, immu-nohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and other techniques. Microbiomic analysis revealed altered gut microbiota in iron deficient mice, and functional predictive analysis showed that gut microbiota can regulate spermatogenesis. The transcriptomic data indicated that iron deficiency directly alters expression of meiosis-related genes. Tran-scriptome data also revealed that iron deficiency indirectly regulates spermatogenesis by affecting hormone synthesis, findings confirmed by metabolomic data, western blot and immunofluorescence. Interestingly, competing endogenous RNA networks also play a vital role in regulating spermatogenesis after iron deficiency. Taken together, the data elucidate that iron deficiency impairs spermatogenesis and increases the risk of male infertility by affecting hormone synthesis and promoting gut microbiota imbalance.