The essay contains some synthetic reflections on the contributions of the conference: The Petrified Landscape. The Social History of Europe between the Tenth and Thirteenth Centuries through the Archaeology of the Built Environment, edited in this issue of the Journal and organized as part of the project Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (ERC Advanced Grant 695515). Preliminary discussion concerned what is to be understood by the term “petrification”. The specific contribution of archaeology to this theme is then assessed. From the essays contained in this volume, a nuanced and complex picture of the times, modes and quantitative incidence of “petrification” has emerged. Finally, it is possible to note how identifying regional, temporal and promoter differences has allowed us to advance some hypotheses on what were the driving forces behind “petrification”, which would seem to be a complex interweaving of social, economic and cultural causes. In short, studying the investment in stone/brick and lime-mortar buildings from a comparative perspective in terms of space and time has made it possible to link this phenomenon not necessarily and not only to economic growth, but also to the evolution of powers, of the social structure as a whole and to the cultural prestige of durable buildings. It would seem that, in phases of economic growth and productive specialization, petrification is a decidedly consistent phenomenon in those realities where there are strong communities, autonomous but with internal fierce competition and social mobility. Equally fundamental, however, would seem to have been the cultural and symbolic prestige of “durable buildings”. In the Italy of the Communes, all of these ingredients seem to have been present, as is well demonstrated by the dozens of historical centers with high percentages of buildings still conserved today, built between the 11th and 14th centuries. In the same areas, the peasant world is much more complex, and petrification can be both a symptom of the strength of the rural community and, on the contrary, of increased subjugation. The Islamic world is obviously very variable, but it can be interesting in comparative terms: at different chronological and geographical heights it would not seem to give (even in phases of strong economic growth) necessarily a high social value, especially in private construction, to stone and lime buildings.
Il saggio contiene alcune riflessioni di sintesi rispetto ai contributi del convegno: Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito, edito in questo numero della Rivista e organizzato nell’ambito del progetto Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (ERC 695515). Viene chiarito preliminarmente che cosa si debba intendere con il termine “pietrificazione”. Di seguito si valuta quale possa essere il contributo specifico dell’archeologia a questo tema, che nell’ambito del progetto in questione è affrontato utilizzando anche altri processi conoscitivi (fonti scritte ed epigrafiche, storia dell’architettura). Dai saggi contenuti in questo volume è emerso, poi, un quadro sfumato e complesso dei tempi, dei modi e dell’ incidenza quantitativa della “pietrificazione”. Infine, si può notare come identificare diversità regionali, temporali e nei promotori abbia consentito di avanzare alcune ipotesi su quali furono le spinte alle “pietrificazioni”, che sembrerebbero un complesso intreccio di motivazioni sociali, economiche e culturali. In sintesi, studiare l’investimento in edilizia in pietra/mattoni e calce in una prospettiva comparativa in termini spazio-temporali ha consentito di non legare questo fenomeno necessariamente e non solo alla crescita economica, ma anche all’evoluzione dei poteri, della struttura sociale nel suo insieme e al prestigio culturale di edifici durevoli. Sembrerebbe che, in fasi di crescita economica e di specializzazione produttiva, la pietrificazione sia un fenomeno decisamente consistente in quelle realtà dove ci sono comunità forti, autonome ma con al loro interno accesa competizione e mobilità sociale. Ugualmente fondamentale, però, sembrerebbe essere stato il prestigio culturale e simbolico delle costruzioni durevoli. Nell’Italia dei Comuni sembrerebbero esserci tutti questi ingredienti, come ben dimostrano le decine di centri storici con altissime percentuali di edifici ancora oggi conservati, costruiti tra XI e XIV secolo. Nelle stesse aree il mondo contadino è molto più complesso e la pietrificazione può essere sia un sintomo di forza della comunità rurale, sia al contrario di accresciuto assoggettamento. Il mondo islamico è ovviamente molto variabile, ma può essere interessante in termini comparativi: a diverse altezze cronologiche e geografiche non sembrerebbe dare (anche in fasi di forte crescita economica) necessariamente un alto valore sociale, specie nell’edilizia privata, alle costruzioni in pietra e calce.
Molinari, A. (2021). La “pietrificazione” del costruito nell’Europa meridionale del pieno medioevo. Considerazioni comparative dalla prospettiva archeologica. ARCHEOLOGIA DELL'ARCHITETTURA, 26(1), 275-287.
La “pietrificazione” del costruito nell’Europa meridionale del pieno medioevo. Considerazioni comparative dalla prospettiva archeologica
A. Molinari
2021-01-01
Abstract
The essay contains some synthetic reflections on the contributions of the conference: The Petrified Landscape. The Social History of Europe between the Tenth and Thirteenth Centuries through the Archaeology of the Built Environment, edited in this issue of the Journal and organized as part of the project Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (ERC Advanced Grant 695515). Preliminary discussion concerned what is to be understood by the term “petrification”. The specific contribution of archaeology to this theme is then assessed. From the essays contained in this volume, a nuanced and complex picture of the times, modes and quantitative incidence of “petrification” has emerged. Finally, it is possible to note how identifying regional, temporal and promoter differences has allowed us to advance some hypotheses on what were the driving forces behind “petrification”, which would seem to be a complex interweaving of social, economic and cultural causes. In short, studying the investment in stone/brick and lime-mortar buildings from a comparative perspective in terms of space and time has made it possible to link this phenomenon not necessarily and not only to economic growth, but also to the evolution of powers, of the social structure as a whole and to the cultural prestige of durable buildings. It would seem that, in phases of economic growth and productive specialization, petrification is a decidedly consistent phenomenon in those realities where there are strong communities, autonomous but with internal fierce competition and social mobility. Equally fundamental, however, would seem to have been the cultural and symbolic prestige of “durable buildings”. In the Italy of the Communes, all of these ingredients seem to have been present, as is well demonstrated by the dozens of historical centers with high percentages of buildings still conserved today, built between the 11th and 14th centuries. In the same areas, the peasant world is much more complex, and petrification can be both a symptom of the strength of the rural community and, on the contrary, of increased subjugation. The Islamic world is obviously very variable, but it can be interesting in comparative terms: at different chronological and geographical heights it would not seem to give (even in phases of strong economic growth) necessarily a high social value, especially in private construction, to stone and lime buildings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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