Many earlier studies have described Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis in terms of cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, thus concluding that apoptosis may be triggered by a deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the recent availability of fluorescent cell-permeant Ca2+ probes together with the strong development of Ca2+ measurements instruments are evidencing that apoptotic signalling mechanisms are more sophisticated that previously believed, and other, more subtle correlations between Ca2+ metabolism and apoptotic signalling begin to appear. Thus, the paradigm that apoptosis required an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is currently shaken by the finding that cytosolic Ca2+ elevation during apoptosis can paradoxically exert either a pro-apoptotic or an anti-apoptotic effect. However, in spite of many current studies concerning the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, it remains to be explained why Ca2+ alterations play different roles in the apoptosis of different cell systems, and overall the effective role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival is still elusive. In this thesis, we have analysed the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, by applying different approaches (i.e., by setting up a novel method that allows the analysis at the single cell level of static as well as dynamic Ca2+ parameters in apoptosing cell; by perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis with different chemical and physical agents before inducing apoptosis). Through these approaches, we have identified a number of progressive, temporally defined phases, characterized by changes in Ca2+ parameters after the induction of apoptosis, among either pre-apoptotic or frankly apoptotic cells, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings occur in apoptosis. Moreover, we have delineated the existence of different pro-survival pathways (namely cell defence pathway or pro-survival pathway) actuated in response to different stress and involving Ca2+ in opposite way. The data here presented are consistent with a dualistic effect of Ca2+ on cell survival depending on the damage suffered by cells. This is in line with emerging evidence that Ca2+ may play a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic role. Thus, our data might account for the apparent incongruencies of many studies dealing with the study of Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings may occur in both apoptosis and survival.
Numerosi studi hanno inizialmente descritto alterazioni del calcio (Ca2+), in termini di un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico, in apoptosi. Ciò ha portato alla opinione diffusa che una deregolazione dell’omeostasi del Ca2+ sia un evento richiesto per l’avvio dell’apoptosi. La recente disponibilità di sonde fluorescenti permeabili per analizzare i parametri di Ca2+ intracellulare insieme con il forte sviluppo di strumenti per le misure del Ca2+ stanno evidenziando che i meccanismi alla base della segnalazione intracellulare apoptotica sono molto più sofisticati di quanto creduto in precedenza e altre più sottili correlazioni tra il metabolismo del Ca2+ e la segnalazione apoptotica cominciano ad apparire. Così, il paradigma che l’apoptosi richieda un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico è attualmente messo in discussione dall’osservazione che un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico può paradossalmente esercitare sia un effetto pro-apoptotico che anti-apoptotico. Nonostante numerosi studi riguardanti il ruolo del Ca2+ nei fenomeni di apoptosi/sopravvivenza, ancora oggi resta da spiegare perché le alterazioni del Ca2+ possano svolgere ruoli così diversi in differenti sistemi cellulari e soprattutto il ruolo effettivo del Ca2+ nell’apoptosi/sopravvivenza è ancora elusivo. In questa tesi, ho analizzato il ruolo del Ca2+ nei fenomeni di apoptosi/sopravvivenza, applicando differenti approcci (per es., mettendo a punto una nuova metodologia che permette l’analisi a livello di singola cellula di parametri statici e dinamici del Ca2+ in cellule indotte in apoptosi; perturbando, l’omeostasi del Ca2+ con diversi agenti chimici e fisici prima di indurre l’apoptosi). Attraverso questi approcci, ho identificato un numero di fasi progressive, temporalmente definite, caratterizzate da cambiamenti nei parametri del Ca2+ dopo l’induzione dell’apoptosi, sia in cellule pre-apoptotiche che francamente apoptotiche, indicando così che molteplici tipi di alterazioni del Ca2+ con differenti significati avvengono in apoptosi. Inoltre ho delineato l’esistenza di differenti pathway pro-sopravvivenza (che ho chiamato, rispettivamente, pathway di difesa cellulare e pathway di sopravvivenza) attuati in risposta a differenti stress e coinvolgenti il Ca2+ in modo opposto. I dati qui riportati sono consistenti con un ruolo dualistico del Ca2+ sulla sopravvivenza cellulare dipendente dal danno subito dalle cellule. Questo è in linea con emergenti evidenze che il Ca2+ possa svolgere un ruolo pro-apoptotico e anti-apoptotico. Pertanto, i miei dati potrebbero fornire una possibile spiegazione alle apparenti incongruenze di molti studi che descrivono le alterazioni del Ca2+ in apoptosi, indicando così che molteplici tipi di alterazioni di Ca2+ con differenti significati possono avvenire sia nei fenomeni di apoptosi che di sopravvivenza.
Cerella, C. (2006). Calcium alterations in apoptotic and survival pathways.
Calcium alterations in apoptotic and survival pathways
CERELLA, CLAUDIA
2006-03-10
Abstract
Many earlier studies have described Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis in terms of cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, thus concluding that apoptosis may be triggered by a deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the recent availability of fluorescent cell-permeant Ca2+ probes together with the strong development of Ca2+ measurements instruments are evidencing that apoptotic signalling mechanisms are more sophisticated that previously believed, and other, more subtle correlations between Ca2+ metabolism and apoptotic signalling begin to appear. Thus, the paradigm that apoptosis required an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is currently shaken by the finding that cytosolic Ca2+ elevation during apoptosis can paradoxically exert either a pro-apoptotic or an anti-apoptotic effect. However, in spite of many current studies concerning the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, it remains to be explained why Ca2+ alterations play different roles in the apoptosis of different cell systems, and overall the effective role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival is still elusive. In this thesis, we have analysed the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, by applying different approaches (i.e., by setting up a novel method that allows the analysis at the single cell level of static as well as dynamic Ca2+ parameters in apoptosing cell; by perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis with different chemical and physical agents before inducing apoptosis). Through these approaches, we have identified a number of progressive, temporally defined phases, characterized by changes in Ca2+ parameters after the induction of apoptosis, among either pre-apoptotic or frankly apoptotic cells, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings occur in apoptosis. Moreover, we have delineated the existence of different pro-survival pathways (namely cell defence pathway or pro-survival pathway) actuated in response to different stress and involving Ca2+ in opposite way. The data here presented are consistent with a dualistic effect of Ca2+ on cell survival depending on the damage suffered by cells. This is in line with emerging evidence that Ca2+ may play a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic role. Thus, our data might account for the apparent incongruencies of many studies dealing with the study of Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings may occur in both apoptosis and survival.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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