Astrophysical observations and cosmological arguments have pointed out the presence in the Universe of a great amount of Dark Matter mainly constituted of relic particles from the Big Bang. The astrophysical observations have also shown that locally, in our Galaxy, the presence of Dark Matter particles must be dominant; this has motivated the activities for its indirect and direct detection. In the field of direct detection the DAMA collaboration has proposed and realised an experiment, DAMA/NaI (sensitive part: ~100 kg of low intrinsic radioactivity NaI(Tl) scintillators) able to investigate in an effective way the annual modulation signature, originally suggested in the 80’s from Freese et al.. Such signature is independent from models (this is a key factor in tackling the problem considering, as an example, that the characteristics of Dark Matter particles and the type of interaction with the ordinary matter are unknown as well as the real characteristics of the dark galactic halo) and is highly distinctive since it demands the satisfaction of many specific requirements. The experiment has collected data on seven annual cycles and has also investigated many other rare processes (The candidate has also contributed to some of these analyses, but they are not object of this thesis). In this thesis, after a discussion on the main topics regarding the evidence of Dark Matter in the Universe and the possible candidate particles, the DAMA/NaI apparatus, situated in the Gran Sasso National Laboratories of the INFN, and its main characteristics are described. In particular, the DAMA/NaI experiment has been realised with the utmost technological care on selection of all the constituent materials and using techniques, developments and protocols purposely developed. The low intrinsic radioactivity, the high sensitive mass, the low energy threshold, the high working condition stability and control, have allowed DAMA/NaI to investigate the annual modulation signature. Therefore, in this thesis, the analysis - independent from models - of the data collected during seven annual cycles is introduced (total exposure 107731 kg•d; various orders of magnitude bigger than those available in the field from other experimental activities). The result has shown the presence of an evidence at 6.3σ C.L., that satisfies all the requirements of the signature. No systematic effect or side reaction able to account of the amplitude of measured modulation and to satisfy all requirements of the signature has been found. In the thesis, some of the many possible model-dependent analyses on the study of the nature of the candidate particle are discussed introducing many arguments of general character and comparison. As an example it has been considered, in the given models, the role of the interaction: Spin Independent (SI), Spin Dependent (SD), mixed (SI&SD) and preferentially inelastic; in all the cases many configurations compatible with the DAMA/NaI result have been selected. In addition some comparisons with the expectations, in the case of neutralino in MSSM or with a scenario of heavy 4-family neutrino, have selected many interesting configurations. Many other scenarios are possible and investigations on some new models are in progress. As an example in this thesis, some models of non thermalised halos based on recent observations of satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, whose tidal tails could stream Dark Matter in the Solar neighborhood, are also shown. The DAMA/NaI experiment has concluded the data taking in July 2002 and, thanks to a new effort of R&D, the apparatus DAMA/LIBRA (Large sodium Iodide Bulk for Rare processes), whose sensitive part is made by ~250 kg of low intrinsic radioactivity NaI(Tl), has been installed and has begun the data taking on March 2003. In this thesis some of the characteristics and of the perspectives of DAMA/LIBRA are introduced, showing that this experiment will be able (with an adequate exposure and with a great sensitivity) to investigate on Dark Matter particles and on the characteristics of the galactic halo. In addition DAMA/LIBRA will be also very competitive in the search of other rare processes.
Osservazioni astrofisiche e considerazioni cosmologiche hanno evidenziato come nell’Universo ci sia presenza di una grande quantità di Materia Oscura e come essa debba essere in maniera preponderante in forma di particelle relitte dal Big Bang. Le osservazioni astrofisiche hanno mostrato come anche localmente nella nostra Galassia la presenza di Materia Oscura in forma di particelle relitte debba essere dominante; questo ha motivato le attività per la sua rivelazione indiretta e diretta. In particolare, giacché sia le tecniche di rivelazione indiretta che molte delle tecniche di rivelazione diretta considerate possono dare solo risultati dipendenti dai modelli astrofisici, nucleari e di Fisica delle particelle assunti (e dai valori adottati per i relativi parametri teorici e sperimentali) - ed hanno quindi un impatto relativo - la collaborazione DAMA ha proposto e realizzato un esperimento, DAMA/NaI (parte sensibile: ~100 kg di scintillatori NaI(Tl) di bassa radioattività intrinseca) in grado di investigare in modo efficace la marcatura detta della modulazione annuale del tasso di conteggio, originariamente suggerita negli anni 80 da Freese et al.. Tale marcatura è indipendente da modelli (particolare di primaria importanza considerando, ad esempio, che anche le caratteristiche della(e) particella(e) di Materia Oscura e il tipo di interazione con la materia ordinaria sono sconosciuti così come le reali caratteristiche dell’alone galattico oscuro) ed è altamente distintiva giacché richiede la soddisfazione di molti requisiti specifici. L’esperimento ha raccolto dati su sette cicli annuali ed ha anche investigato molti altri processi rari (ad alcune di queste ultime analisi ho anche contribuito, ma non sono oggetto di questa tesi). In questa tesi, dopo aver discusso i vari aspetti relativi alla evidenza di Materia Oscura dell’Universo e alle possibili particelle candidate, viene descritto l'apparato DAMA/NaI, sito nei Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN, e le sue caratteristiche principali. In particolare, per minimizzare il contributo del fondo, l’esperimento DAMA/NaI è stato realizzato con un’accurata selezione di tutti i materiali che lo compongono ed utilizzando delle tecniche appositamente sviluppate. La bassa radioattività intrinseca, la grande massa sensibile, la bassa soglia energetica e le adeguate condizioni di misura hanno permesso a DAMA/NaI di raggiungere la sensibilità necessaria all’investigazione della marcatura della modulazione annuale del tasso di conteggio. Viene, quindi, presentata l’analisi - indipendente da modelli - dei dati raccolti durante sette cicli annuali (esposizione totale 107731 kg·d; diversi ordini di grandezza superiore a quelle disponibili nel campo da altre attività sperimentali). Il risultato ha mostrato la presenza di un effetto a 6.3 s C.L., che soddisfa tutti i requisiti della marcatura. Tutti i possibili effetti sistematici o side reactions sono stati investigati e nessuno in grado di dar conto dell’ampiezza di modulazione misurata e di soddisfare tutti i requisiti della marcatura è stato trovato (né suggerito da altri). La tesi discute, quindi, alcune delle molte possibili analisi corollarie sullo studio della natura della particella candidata, introducendo anche molti argomenti di carattere generale e di confronto. Sono state ad esempio considerate, nei modelli analizzati, particelle candidate con interazioni indipendenti dallo Spin (SI), con interazioni dipendenti dallo Spin (SD), interazioni miste (SI&SD) ed interazioni SI preferenzialmente anelastiche; in tutti i casi si sono ottenute molte configurazioni compatibili con il segnale osservato. Anche alcuni confronti con le aspettazioni nel caso di un neutralino nel modello MSSM o con uno scenario di una componente di neutrino pesante di 4-famiglia, hanno fornito molte configurazioni interessanti. Molti altri scenari sono possibili ed alcuni nuovi modelli sono in corso di studio, quali aloni non termalizzati ipotizzabili in base a recenti osservazioni su galassie satelliti della Via Lattea, che potrebbero presentare delle code di marea nei dintorni del Sistema Solare. L'esperimento DAMA/NaI ha concluso la presa dati a Luglio 2002 e, grazie ad un nuovo sforzo di R&D, l'apparato DAMA/LIBRA (Large sodium Iodide Bulk for RAre processes), la cui parte sensibile è costituita da ~250 kg di NaI(Tl) molto radiopuro, è stato allestito ed ha iniziato la presa dati a Marzo 2003. In questa tesi sono, quindi, introdotte alcune delle caratteristiche e delle prospettive di DAMA/LIBRA mostrando come questo esperimento potrà permettere su una esposizione adeguata sia una maggiore sensibilità per l’investigazione della componente di particelle di Materia Oscura e delle caratteristiche dell’alone galattico sia risultati molto competitivi nella ricerca di altri processi rari.
Nozzoli, F. (2006). Investigazione sulla materia oscura nell’Universo ai Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso: da DAMA/NaI a DAMA/LIBRA [10.58015/nozzoli-francesco_phd2006-03-08].
Investigazione sulla materia oscura nell’Universo ai Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso: da DAMA/NaI a DAMA/LIBRA.
NOZZOLI, FRANCESCO
2006-03-08
Abstract
Astrophysical observations and cosmological arguments have pointed out the presence in the Universe of a great amount of Dark Matter mainly constituted of relic particles from the Big Bang. The astrophysical observations have also shown that locally, in our Galaxy, the presence of Dark Matter particles must be dominant; this has motivated the activities for its indirect and direct detection. In the field of direct detection the DAMA collaboration has proposed and realised an experiment, DAMA/NaI (sensitive part: ~100 kg of low intrinsic radioactivity NaI(Tl) scintillators) able to investigate in an effective way the annual modulation signature, originally suggested in the 80’s from Freese et al.. Such signature is independent from models (this is a key factor in tackling the problem considering, as an example, that the characteristics of Dark Matter particles and the type of interaction with the ordinary matter are unknown as well as the real characteristics of the dark galactic halo) and is highly distinctive since it demands the satisfaction of many specific requirements. The experiment has collected data on seven annual cycles and has also investigated many other rare processes (The candidate has also contributed to some of these analyses, but they are not object of this thesis). In this thesis, after a discussion on the main topics regarding the evidence of Dark Matter in the Universe and the possible candidate particles, the DAMA/NaI apparatus, situated in the Gran Sasso National Laboratories of the INFN, and its main characteristics are described. In particular, the DAMA/NaI experiment has been realised with the utmost technological care on selection of all the constituent materials and using techniques, developments and protocols purposely developed. The low intrinsic radioactivity, the high sensitive mass, the low energy threshold, the high working condition stability and control, have allowed DAMA/NaI to investigate the annual modulation signature. Therefore, in this thesis, the analysis - independent from models - of the data collected during seven annual cycles is introduced (total exposure 107731 kg•d; various orders of magnitude bigger than those available in the field from other experimental activities). The result has shown the presence of an evidence at 6.3σ C.L., that satisfies all the requirements of the signature. No systematic effect or side reaction able to account of the amplitude of measured modulation and to satisfy all requirements of the signature has been found. In the thesis, some of the many possible model-dependent analyses on the study of the nature of the candidate particle are discussed introducing many arguments of general character and comparison. As an example it has been considered, in the given models, the role of the interaction: Spin Independent (SI), Spin Dependent (SD), mixed (SI&SD) and preferentially inelastic; in all the cases many configurations compatible with the DAMA/NaI result have been selected. In addition some comparisons with the expectations, in the case of neutralino in MSSM or with a scenario of heavy 4-family neutrino, have selected many interesting configurations. Many other scenarios are possible and investigations on some new models are in progress. As an example in this thesis, some models of non thermalised halos based on recent observations of satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, whose tidal tails could stream Dark Matter in the Solar neighborhood, are also shown. The DAMA/NaI experiment has concluded the data taking in July 2002 and, thanks to a new effort of R&D, the apparatus DAMA/LIBRA (Large sodium Iodide Bulk for Rare processes), whose sensitive part is made by ~250 kg of low intrinsic radioactivity NaI(Tl), has been installed and has begun the data taking on March 2003. In this thesis some of the characteristics and of the perspectives of DAMA/LIBRA are introduced, showing that this experiment will be able (with an adequate exposure and with a great sensitivity) to investigate on Dark Matter particles and on the characteristics of the galactic halo. In addition DAMA/LIBRA will be also very competitive in the search of other rare processes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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