Hypertension is considered as one of the main contributors to chronic diseases increase, from which most of the causes of death and disability depend worldwide. A recent report of World Health Organization about the main risk factors responsible for global mortality, identified hypertension as one of the main contributors, together with high emetic levels of glucose and cholesterol, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, and low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Hypertension is therefore a problem of great relevance for public health, with a constantly growing incidence estimated to be at 26% in adult population, and even higher as the age increase. Moreover, recent data indicate that among the hypertensive people only 25‐50% is aware of being hypertensive, and that among those subjected to medical treatment a significant part receives an inadequate pressure control. As regards hypertension in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, it should be noted that these two pathological conditions are closely related. The incidence of hypertension among them is doubled respect to normal population and covers 80% of all diabetic patients, since both diseases have a common pathogenesis which, although not fully understood, has insulin resistance as an initial condition. Hypertension is often present when diabetes is diagnosed and is associated with other cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Diabetes exposes patients to a cardiovascular risk similar to a previous acute myocardial infarction, therefore these patients must be subjected to a more rigorous blood pressure control. For such a reason, the European Guidelines establish lower threshold values for the diagnosis of hypertension in diabetic patients (130/85 mm Hg) than in non diabetic people. In every case and for any kind of patient, hypertension represents one of the main modifiable risk factors not only by an adequate pharmacological therapy, but also by modifications to the lifestyle, and in particular by a reduction of salt consumption, which, even in the order of 4‐5 g per day, reduces blood pressure of about 2.5/5 mm Hg in hypertensive patients and of about 1/2 mm Hg in normotensive people, with a positive correlation between the level of reduction of salt consumption and the level of blood pressure reduction. The awareness of the importance of blood pressure control by means of lifestyle control and of the reduction of salt consumption is becoming a recurring theme of national politics in many countries, which, among the public health objectives, insert measures directed to create a reduction of salt consumption in the population as a precondition for a reduction of the pathologies related to high blood pressure. However, despite the high cardiovascular risk and the theoretical reasons supporting a higher sensitivity to salt, there are few studies of intervention on diabetic patients with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the reduction of salt consumption, as recognized even by a 2002 position statement on the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patient (Arauz‐Pacheco). Aims of the work The intervention study “Controlled sodium diet and new hypertension diagnosis : evaluation of efficacy on diabetic and normoglycemic patients” was carried out in the “Diabetes and Hypertension Prevention 2 Center“ (Asl RM B‐ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata). The study involved two different populations of patients: a group was formed by patients belonging to the City Police of Rome; the second one involved type II diabetes patients. The study was divided into two phases: the first phase was aimed at blood pressure screening in both groups; the second phase consisted of the administration of a low sodium diet in the group of patients with new diagnosis of hypertension. Objectives of the screening phase were to evaluate arterial and pre‐hypertension in the two populations, to reach the pressure targets and to identify unaware hypertensive patients in order to include them into the intervention phase. Objectives of the intervention phase were to verify the impact of a low controlled sodium regime on arterial blood pressure, compared to a moderate controlled content sodium diet, in subjects with newly diagnosed mild hypertension, and to verify the compliance with the two dietetic interventions in the short and long term. Secondary objective on the diabetic patients was to evaluate the effects of low salt diet on arterial stiffness parameter. Methods Phase 1. Phase 1 population consisted of a sample of City Policemen (n=83; 54 M and 29 F) and of a sample of type II diabetes patients followed by the “Diabetes and Hypertension prevention Centre“ (n=300; 164 M and 138 F). Arterial blood pressure was measured either in a medical centre or at home for nine days, by identical instruments. During the arterial blood pressure monitoring phase, subjects with either no diagnosis of hypertension/pre‐hypertension or with a newly diagnosed hypertension/pre‐hypertension were identified. These subjects had no pharmacological treatment and were proposed to participate in the following intervention phase. Phase II. During the intervention phase, subjects identified as neo‐hypertensive patients, were divided into two groups, which underwent a strictly controlled low salt treatment: the Low‐Na group (L‐Na) had a sodium intake of 1.4g/die, equivalent to 3.5g/die sodium chloride; the Medium‐ Na group (M‐Na) had a sodium intake of 2.3 g/die, equivalent to 5.75g/die sodium chloride. Sodium consumption was controlled by a low salt diet (less than 700mg/die of sodium from diet) and the use of sachets containing 1g of NaCl each one. Patient were told to cook meals without any salt and then add only the supplied sachets onto their portion of food in order to reach the right amount of salt, relevant to their intervention group. The efficacy of the two diet regimens on arterial blood pressure (BP) was evaluated after 20 days of controlled diet regimen and afterwards at regular intervals, by monitoring both the compliance with dietetic regimen and BP trend. During this period, patients were able to learn how to adjust the amount of salt in the food, based on their sensitive perception. Furthermore, weight, BMI and waist circumference were also evaluated; in diabetic patients, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and the pulse wave velocity, were monitored. Compliance with the low salt diet was evaluated by checking the 24 hour urinary sodium excretion. Results Phase 1. The blood pressure monitoring was performed on 83 city‐policemen (VG) including 54 males and 29 females with a mean age of 52.3 ± 8.0 years, and in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes (DB), of which 164 were males and 138 females and whose average age was 60.5 ± 11.8 years. In the two populations a clear prevalence of over‐weight/obesity was observed; in VG population BMI was 27.7±5.2 kg/m2 while in diabetic population BMI was 30.7±5.8 kg/m2. It is noticeable that BP values measured at the medical centre were higher than those measured at home. Indeed, home measurements had a mean value of Systolic blood pressure (PAS) 138.8 ±22.0 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (PAD) 84.5± 12.0 mmHg in VG population, and PAS=126,0±18,2 mmHg e PAD=74,9±10 in diabetic patients. Inside 3 the group of diabetic patients, mean BP at the 1st visit was higher than that measured in patients followed by the diabetic centre. Distribution of normo vs hypertensive patients is different in diabetic patients, compared to VG; indeed, about 50% of VG has high value of BP, while in DP this value increases to 80%, including both patients with a history of hypertension and patients with a recent diagnosis. Patient with a recent neo diagnosis of hypertension are about 20% of the population in both the screened groups (VG: 21,2% ; DB: 22,6%). Phase 2. In the intervention phase, 16 VG (12 M, 4F) mean age 54,6±9,1 year, and 36 DB (25 M; 11 F) mean age 54±9,9 year, were included. Overweight or obese patients were less in the VG group, than in the diabetic patients. Basal PAS and PAD values were 145,5 ± 10,8 mmHg and 84,1 ±6,1 mmHg in VG population; 140,4 ±6, 1 mmHg and 81,5 ±5,6 in DB population; moreover, inter‐group homogeneity was high. In the VG group after 20 days of controlled low salt diet, a significant reduction in BP was observed. The mean PAS variation was ‐12,0 ±7,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐7,8% ) in L‐Na group and ‐5,9±3,8 mmHg (p=0,006) (‐4,1%) in M‐Na group. In DB population, a significant reduction in BP was observed, both in values checked at the centre, and in those taken at home, with a PAS mean change ‐8,1±7,9 mmHg (p<0,002) (‐5,9%) in the L‐Na group. The reduction in PAS was in the Medium salt group equal to ‐6,2±5,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐ 4,4%). In the VG group, the trend to the lowering of BP was constant all along the three months of observation, while in the L‐Na group an increase in BP was observed, although values still remain lower than the basal values. It is noticeable that BP values in M‐Na group were quite the same as in the L‐Na group, at the end of three months. In the DB population, BP monitoring for 15 months showed that the negative trend continued both in the L‐Na group and in the M‐Na group, leading to a relevant decrease of BP over the basal level. The regression for repeated measurements clearly showed the positive interaction between treatment and time (p<0.02). In the DB population a significant variation in arterial stiffness index was also observed. Indeed, after 20 days of strict diet, brachial AIX decreased by 17.7% in the L‐Na group and by 14.6% in the M‐Na group. PWV variation was higher in the L‐Na group, with a statistically significant reduction of 1.6m/s. Conclusions The study demonstrated that in the two populations studied there was a relevant number of subjects who, although hypertensive, did not know their blood pressure situation. If correctly monitored and treated even with only small changes of their lifestyle, in particular as regards the sodium intake, these subjects may exert a positive control on blood pressure, with a consequent possible reduction of cardiovascular risk. In both the populations studied, a salt intake of 3.75 mg per day has more evident and incisive effects in the short term respect to a salt intake of 5.5 mg per day, while the observance of a diet with low sodium intake is effective in a similar way on the long term. The preservation of pressure values within the reference range demonstrates that results are more effective depending on as much time is dedicated to controls. The more time is dedicated to controls, to a personalized identification of correct eating habits and to their strengthening of such a life style, the more efficacy the results are .
L’ipertensione è considerata uno dei principali responsabili dell’incremento delle malattie croniche da cui dipende la maggior parte delle cause di mortalità e di disabilità a livello globale. Un recente rapporto dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità che ha dettagliatamente preso in esame quali sono i fattori di rischio responsabili della mortalità globale, ha individuato l’ipertensione quale uno dei principali responsabili, unitamente ad elevati livelli di glucosio e di colesterolo, alla scarsa attività fisica, alla presenza di sovrappeso/ obesità, ed allo scarso consumo di frutta e verdura. L’ipertensione arteriosa è quindi un problema di grande rilevanza per la salute pubblica con una prevalenza che è stimata essere del 26% nella popolazione adulta, che è in continuo aumento e che cresce con l’aumentare dell’età. Inoltre recenti dati indicano che soltanto il 25‐50% di tutta la popolazione ipertesa sa di esserlo, e che anche tra gli ipertesi in trattamento una quota rilevante è sottoposta ad un inadeguato controllo pressorio. Se poi si considera il problema dell’ipertensione nei soggetti affetti da diabete mellito tipo 2, occorre evidenziare che queste due condizioni patologiche sono strettamente correlate. La prevalenza di ipertensione arteriosa è raddoppiata rispetto alla popolazione generale e riguarda circa l’80% di tutti i diabetici, in quanto le due condizioni presentano una patogenesi comune che, anche se non completamente nota, ha come condizione iniziale l’insulino‐resistenza. Spesso l’ipertensione arteriosa è presente al momento della diagnosi di diabete e si associa ad altre alterazioni cardiovascolari e metaboliche. Il diabete espone chi ne è affetto ad un rischio cardiovascolare importante paragonabile ad un pregresso infarto miocardico acuto, per cui in questi soggetti il controllo dei valori pressori deve essere più severo. A tal fine, le Linee Guida europee stabiliscono valori soglia inferiori per la diagnosi di ipertensione in soggetti diabetici (130/85 mm Hg), rispetto ai non diabetici e a coloro che presentano meno di 2 fattori di rischio cardiovascolare. In ogni caso ed in ogni tipologia di paziente, l’ipertensione rappresenta anche uno tra i più importanti fattori di rischio modificabili non solo attraverso una adeguata terapia farmacologica ma anche attraverso modificazioni dello stile di vita ed in particolare la riduzione del consumo di sale che, anche se modesta dell’ordine di 4‐5 g al giorno riduce la pressione arteriosa di circa 2,5/5mm Hg in individui ipertesi e di 2/1 mm Hg in individui normotesi, con una sicura correlazione positiva tra entità della riduzione di consumo di sale ed entità della riduzione dei valori pressori. La consapevolezza dell’importanza del controllo pressorio basata anche sul controllo degli stili di vita ed in primo luogo sul consumo di sale sta diventando motivo ricorrente delle politiche nazionali ormai di molti paesi che, tra gli obiettivi per la salute pubblica, inseriscono proprio le azioni volte a creare nella popolazione una riduzione del consumo di sale quale premessa per la riduzione delle patologie correlate all’incremento della pressione. Tuttavia, nei pazienti diabetici, nonostante l'elevato rischio cardiovascolare e le ragioni teoriche a sostegno di una maggiore sensibilità al sale, scarsi sono gli studi di intervento volti a valutare la reale efficacia ed effetto di una riduzione del consumo di sale, come riconosciuto anche dalla position statement relativa al trattamento dell’ipertensione nel paziente diabetico del 2002 (Arauz‐Pacheco et al. 2002). 2 Obiettivi. Lo studio d’intervento “Dieta a contenuto di sodio controllato e neodiagnosi di ipertensione: valutazione dell'efficacia in soggetti con diabete tipo 2 e normoglicemici” è stato condotto presso il “Centro per la Cura e la Prevenzione del Diabete e dell’Ipertensione” (Asl RM B‐ Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata) su due popolazioni distinte, costituite da un campione di soggetti appartenenti al corpo dei vigili urbani afferenti ad un comando di Roma e da un campione di pazienti affetti da diabete mellito tipo 2 e si è articolato in due fasi, una conoscitiva attraverso uno screening pressorio ed una di intervento dietetico iposodicosu soggetti con neodiagnosi di ipertensione/preipertensione. Obiettivi della fase 1 (screening) sono stati valutare nei due campioni delle popolazioni considerate la prevalenza di ipertensione arteriosa/preipertensione, il raggiungimento dei target pressori e identificare i soggetti che erano ipertesi pur non sapendo di esserlo al fine inserirli nella fase di intervento. Obiettivi della fase 2 (intervento) sono stati verificare l’impatto sulla pressione arteriosa di un regime dietetico iposodico controllato, rispetto ad una dieta moderatamente iposodica nei soggetti con neodiagnosi di ipertensione lieve/preipertensione e verificare la compliance ai due trattamenti dietetici iposodici nel breve e nel lungo periodo. Obiettivo secondario nei soggetti diabetici è stato valutare l’effetto di una dieta iposodica sui parametri della rigidità arteriosa. Metodi Fase1. La popolazione della fase 1 è rappresentata da un campione di vigili urbani (n=83 di cui 54 maschi e 29 femmine) e da un campione di pazienti affetti da diabete tipo 2 afferenti al “Centro per la Cura e la Prevenzione del Diabete e dell’Ipertensione” (n=300 di cui 164 maschi e 138 femmine). La misurazione della pressione arteriosa è avvenuta sia a livello ambulatoriale sia per automisurazione domiciliare effettuata per nove giorni consecutivi ed utilizzando identico strumento di misurazione. A seguito della fase di monitoraggio pressorio sono stati identificati i soggetti con una condizione di ipertensione/preipertensione neo diagnosticata e non in trattamento farmacologico a cui è stato proposto di partecipare alla successiva fase di intervento dello studio. Fase2. Nella fase di intervento i soggetti di identificati come neoipertesi sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi sperimentali per un trattamento dietetico iposodico strettamente controllato: Gruppo Low‐Na (L‐Na) (Intake complessivo di 1,4 g/die di sodio pari a 3,5 g di cloruro di sodio) e Medium‐Na (M‐Na) (Intake complessivo di 2,3 g/die di sodio pari a 5,75 g di cloruro di sodio). Il controllo del consumo di sodio è avvenuto attraverso una dieta iposodica (Na < 700mg/die) e l’utilizzazione di bustine di sale predosate (bustine da 1 g di NaCl ciascuna). Le bustine di sale sono state fornite a ciascun volontario nelle quantità idonee a raggiungere i target di Na previsti , ed erano utilizzate dagli stessi per salare ogni pietanza consumata, previa cottura in assenza di sale. L’efficacia dei due trattamenti dietetici sulla pressione arteriosa (PA) è stata valutata al termine dei 20 giorni di intervento dietetico controllato e nei mesi successivi, ad intervalli di tempo regolari, monitorando l’andamento pressorio e l’aderenza al regime dietetico proposto. I 20 giorni di trattamento a contenuto di sodio strettamente controllato hanno rappresentato anche un periodo di training dietetico durante il quale il soggetto, sulla base della percezione gustativa, aveva la possibilità di imparare ad autodosare la quantità di sale da utilizzare quotidianamente, anche al termine del periodo di intervento con le bustine predosate. L’efficacia dei due trattamenti dietetici sulla pressione arteriosa (PA) è stata valutata al termine dei 20 giorni di intervento dietetico controllato e nei mesi successivi, ad intervalli di tempo regolari, monitorando l’andamento pressorio e l’aderenza al regime dietetico proposto. I 20 giorni di trattamento a contenuto di sodio strettamente controllato hanno inoltre rappresentato anche un periodo di training dietetico durante 3 il quale il soggetto, sulla base della percezione gustativa, aveva la possibilità di imparare ad autodosare la quantità di sale da utilizzare quotidianamente. In aggiunta alle determinazioni della pressione arteriosa misurata a livello ambulatoriale e domiciliare, sono stati valutati i parametri dello stato nutrizionale (peso, BMI, circonferenza vita). Nel campione di diabetici sono stati valutati parametri della rigidità arteriosa, l’Augmentation Index (AiX) la Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV). L’aderenza alla dieta iposodica è stata valutata attraverso la determinazione del sodio urinario nelle 24 ore. Risultati. Fase 1. Il monitoraggio pressorio è stato effettuato su 83 vigili urbani (VG) di cui 54 maschi e 29 femmine di un’età media di 52,3±8,0 anni, e su 300 pazienti affetti da diabete tipo 2 (DB), di cui 164 maschi e 138 femmine e di età media 60,5 ± 11,8 anni. Nelle due popolazioni si osserva una netta prevalenza di sovrappeso/ obesità con un IMC medio pari a 27,7±5,2 kg/m2 nella popolazione VG e IMC= 30,7±5,8 kg/m2 nella popolazione DB. Il monitoraggio della pressione nelle due popolazioni considerate ha fornito valori pressori registrati ambulatorialmente mediamente più elevati rispetto a quelli misurati a livello domiciliare. La misurazione domiciliare ha registrato un valore medio di PAS pari a 138,8±22,0 mmHg e di PAD 84,5±12,0 mmHg nella popolazione VG, e di PAS=126,0±18,2 mmHg e PAD=74,9±10,1 nella popolazione DB. L’analisi separata all’interno del gruppo DB mostra che la pressione media dei diabetici alla prima visita risulta essere superiore rispetto a quella riscontrata nei diabetici già in cura presso il centro (140,2±15,4 mmHg vs 135,7±13,7 mmHg) . La ripartizione percentuale dei soggetti in base allo stato pressorio (normotesi/ ipertesi) presenta profonde differenze nei soggetti DB rispetto ai VG, in quanto circa la metà dei VG è normoteso contro un 80% di pazienti diabetici che presentano condizione di ipertensione già nota o neo diagnosticata. I soggetti con neoipertensione corrispondono circa al 20% rispetto alle rispettive popolazioni su cui è stato effettuato lo screening pressorio (21,2% nei VG e 22,6% nei DB). Fase 2. Nella fase di intervento sono stati inseriti 16 vigili (12 M, 4F) di età media 54,6±9,1 anni e 36 soggetti (25 M; 11 F) di età media di 54±9,9 anni. La presenza di sovrappeso/obesità è minore nel gruppo VG rispetto al gruppo DB (BMI medio 28,9 ±5,3kg/m2 vs 30,4 ± 4,7 kg/m2). I valori pressori basali di PAS e PAD per le due popolazioni sono rispettivamente di 145,5 ± 10,8 mmHg e 84,1 ±6,12 mmHg per i VG; 140,4 ±6,1 mmHg e 81,5 ±5,7 per i DB, con una omogeneità intergruppo, relativamente ai parametri oggetto dello studio. Nella popolazione VG al termine dei 20 giorni di dieta iposodica controllata si è osservata riduzione statisticamente significativa della Pressione arteriosa con una riduzione della PAS di ‐12,0 ±7,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐7,8% rispetto a t‐0) nel gruppo L‐Na e di ‐5,9±3,8 mmHg (p=0,006) (‐4,1% rispetto a t‐0) nel gruppo M‐Na. Nella popolazione DB si è osservata una riduzione statisticamente significativa della PAS sia domiciliare che ambulatoriale, con una variazione media di ‐8,1±7,9 mmHg per la PAS domiciliare (p<0,002) (‐5,9% rispetto a t‐0), nel gruppo L‐Na. Nel gruppo M‐Na la variazione è stata di entità minore pari a ‐6,2 ±5,3 mmHg(p=0,002) (‐4,4%). Nella popolazione VG al termine dei tre mesi successivi di osservazione si è osservato che il trend di decremento sistolico è continuato nel gruppo M‐Na, mentre nel gruppo L‐Na si è riscontrato un incremento dei valori pressori che pur rimangono inferiori rispetto ai basali e si uniformano ai valori ottenuti nel gruppo M‐Na. Nella popolazione DB, i monitoraggi avvenuti a 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 mesi evidenziano che il trend di decremento di PAS è continuato sia nel gruppo L‐Na, che nel gruppo MNa con una consistente variazione rispetto ai valori basali. L’analisi di regressione per misure ripetute ha mostrato come esista una significativa interazione del trattamento con il tempo (p<0,002). Nella popolazione DB si sono osservate anche significative variazioni per quanto riguarda gli indici della rigidità arteriosa. Al termine dei 20 giorni di dieta, l’AiX brachiale mostra una riduzione di -17,7% nel gruppo L-Na (p<0,002) e di -14,6% nel gruppo M‐Na (p<0,05); la variazione della PWV (Pulse Wave Velocity) è stata maggiore nel gruppo L-Na dove ha raggiunto la significatività (p<0,05), con una riduzione di -1,6 m/s. 4 Conclusioni Lo studio ha dimostrato che nelle due popolazioni prese in esame esiste una quota di soggetti che, pur essendo ipertesi, non conoscono la loro situazione pressoria. Tali individui, se correttamente monitorati e trattati anche solo con modifiche dello stile di vita, ed in particolare con una riduzione del consumo di sodio, possono esercitare un favorevole controllo sui valori di pressione, con una plausibile conseguente riduzione del rischio cardiovascolare. In entrambe le popolazioni una riduzione a 3,75 g di sale/die ha effetti molto più evidenti e incisivi rispetto a 5,5g/die nel breve periodo, mentre l’aderenza al regime dietetico iposodico si dimostra efficace in modo simile anche su un più lungo periodo. Il mantenimento dei valori pressori entro i range di riferimento dimostra che i risultati sono tanto più efficaci quanto maggiore è il tempo dedicato ai controlli, alla identificazione personalizzata dei comportamenti alimentari corretti e al loro rafforzamento.
(2009). Dieta a contenuto di sodio controllato e neodiagnosi di ipertensione: valutazione dell'efficacia in soggetti con diabete tipo 2 e normoglicemici.
Dieta a contenuto di sodio controllato e neodiagnosi di ipertensione: valutazione dell'efficacia in soggetti con diabete tipo 2 e normoglicemici
GARBAGNATI, FRANCESCA MARIA
2009-01-01
Abstract
Hypertension is considered as one of the main contributors to chronic diseases increase, from which most of the causes of death and disability depend worldwide. A recent report of World Health Organization about the main risk factors responsible for global mortality, identified hypertension as one of the main contributors, together with high emetic levels of glucose and cholesterol, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, and low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Hypertension is therefore a problem of great relevance for public health, with a constantly growing incidence estimated to be at 26% in adult population, and even higher as the age increase. Moreover, recent data indicate that among the hypertensive people only 25‐50% is aware of being hypertensive, and that among those subjected to medical treatment a significant part receives an inadequate pressure control. As regards hypertension in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, it should be noted that these two pathological conditions are closely related. The incidence of hypertension among them is doubled respect to normal population and covers 80% of all diabetic patients, since both diseases have a common pathogenesis which, although not fully understood, has insulin resistance as an initial condition. Hypertension is often present when diabetes is diagnosed and is associated with other cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Diabetes exposes patients to a cardiovascular risk similar to a previous acute myocardial infarction, therefore these patients must be subjected to a more rigorous blood pressure control. For such a reason, the European Guidelines establish lower threshold values for the diagnosis of hypertension in diabetic patients (130/85 mm Hg) than in non diabetic people. In every case and for any kind of patient, hypertension represents one of the main modifiable risk factors not only by an adequate pharmacological therapy, but also by modifications to the lifestyle, and in particular by a reduction of salt consumption, which, even in the order of 4‐5 g per day, reduces blood pressure of about 2.5/5 mm Hg in hypertensive patients and of about 1/2 mm Hg in normotensive people, with a positive correlation between the level of reduction of salt consumption and the level of blood pressure reduction. The awareness of the importance of blood pressure control by means of lifestyle control and of the reduction of salt consumption is becoming a recurring theme of national politics in many countries, which, among the public health objectives, insert measures directed to create a reduction of salt consumption in the population as a precondition for a reduction of the pathologies related to high blood pressure. However, despite the high cardiovascular risk and the theoretical reasons supporting a higher sensitivity to salt, there are few studies of intervention on diabetic patients with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the reduction of salt consumption, as recognized even by a 2002 position statement on the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patient (Arauz‐Pacheco). Aims of the work The intervention study “Controlled sodium diet and new hypertension diagnosis : evaluation of efficacy on diabetic and normoglycemic patients” was carried out in the “Diabetes and Hypertension Prevention 2 Center“ (Asl RM B‐ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata). The study involved two different populations of patients: a group was formed by patients belonging to the City Police of Rome; the second one involved type II diabetes patients. The study was divided into two phases: the first phase was aimed at blood pressure screening in both groups; the second phase consisted of the administration of a low sodium diet in the group of patients with new diagnosis of hypertension. Objectives of the screening phase were to evaluate arterial and pre‐hypertension in the two populations, to reach the pressure targets and to identify unaware hypertensive patients in order to include them into the intervention phase. Objectives of the intervention phase were to verify the impact of a low controlled sodium regime on arterial blood pressure, compared to a moderate controlled content sodium diet, in subjects with newly diagnosed mild hypertension, and to verify the compliance with the two dietetic interventions in the short and long term. Secondary objective on the diabetic patients was to evaluate the effects of low salt diet on arterial stiffness parameter. Methods Phase 1. Phase 1 population consisted of a sample of City Policemen (n=83; 54 M and 29 F) and of a sample of type II diabetes patients followed by the “Diabetes and Hypertension prevention Centre“ (n=300; 164 M and 138 F). Arterial blood pressure was measured either in a medical centre or at home for nine days, by identical instruments. During the arterial blood pressure monitoring phase, subjects with either no diagnosis of hypertension/pre‐hypertension or with a newly diagnosed hypertension/pre‐hypertension were identified. These subjects had no pharmacological treatment and were proposed to participate in the following intervention phase. Phase II. During the intervention phase, subjects identified as neo‐hypertensive patients, were divided into two groups, which underwent a strictly controlled low salt treatment: the Low‐Na group (L‐Na) had a sodium intake of 1.4g/die, equivalent to 3.5g/die sodium chloride; the Medium‐ Na group (M‐Na) had a sodium intake of 2.3 g/die, equivalent to 5.75g/die sodium chloride. Sodium consumption was controlled by a low salt diet (less than 700mg/die of sodium from diet) and the use of sachets containing 1g of NaCl each one. Patient were told to cook meals without any salt and then add only the supplied sachets onto their portion of food in order to reach the right amount of salt, relevant to their intervention group. The efficacy of the two diet regimens on arterial blood pressure (BP) was evaluated after 20 days of controlled diet regimen and afterwards at regular intervals, by monitoring both the compliance with dietetic regimen and BP trend. During this period, patients were able to learn how to adjust the amount of salt in the food, based on their sensitive perception. Furthermore, weight, BMI and waist circumference were also evaluated; in diabetic patients, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and the pulse wave velocity, were monitored. Compliance with the low salt diet was evaluated by checking the 24 hour urinary sodium excretion. Results Phase 1. The blood pressure monitoring was performed on 83 city‐policemen (VG) including 54 males and 29 females with a mean age of 52.3 ± 8.0 years, and in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes (DB), of which 164 were males and 138 females and whose average age was 60.5 ± 11.8 years. In the two populations a clear prevalence of over‐weight/obesity was observed; in VG population BMI was 27.7±5.2 kg/m2 while in diabetic population BMI was 30.7±5.8 kg/m2. It is noticeable that BP values measured at the medical centre were higher than those measured at home. Indeed, home measurements had a mean value of Systolic blood pressure (PAS) 138.8 ±22.0 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (PAD) 84.5± 12.0 mmHg in VG population, and PAS=126,0±18,2 mmHg e PAD=74,9±10 in diabetic patients. Inside 3 the group of diabetic patients, mean BP at the 1st visit was higher than that measured in patients followed by the diabetic centre. Distribution of normo vs hypertensive patients is different in diabetic patients, compared to VG; indeed, about 50% of VG has high value of BP, while in DP this value increases to 80%, including both patients with a history of hypertension and patients with a recent diagnosis. Patient with a recent neo diagnosis of hypertension are about 20% of the population in both the screened groups (VG: 21,2% ; DB: 22,6%). Phase 2. In the intervention phase, 16 VG (12 M, 4F) mean age 54,6±9,1 year, and 36 DB (25 M; 11 F) mean age 54±9,9 year, were included. Overweight or obese patients were less in the VG group, than in the diabetic patients. Basal PAS and PAD values were 145,5 ± 10,8 mmHg and 84,1 ±6,1 mmHg in VG population; 140,4 ±6, 1 mmHg and 81,5 ±5,6 in DB population; moreover, inter‐group homogeneity was high. In the VG group after 20 days of controlled low salt diet, a significant reduction in BP was observed. The mean PAS variation was ‐12,0 ±7,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐7,8% ) in L‐Na group and ‐5,9±3,8 mmHg (p=0,006) (‐4,1%) in M‐Na group. In DB population, a significant reduction in BP was observed, both in values checked at the centre, and in those taken at home, with a PAS mean change ‐8,1±7,9 mmHg (p<0,002) (‐5,9%) in the L‐Na group. The reduction in PAS was in the Medium salt group equal to ‐6,2±5,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐ 4,4%). In the VG group, the trend to the lowering of BP was constant all along the three months of observation, while in the L‐Na group an increase in BP was observed, although values still remain lower than the basal values. It is noticeable that BP values in M‐Na group were quite the same as in the L‐Na group, at the end of three months. In the DB population, BP monitoring for 15 months showed that the negative trend continued both in the L‐Na group and in the M‐Na group, leading to a relevant decrease of BP over the basal level. The regression for repeated measurements clearly showed the positive interaction between treatment and time (p<0.02). In the DB population a significant variation in arterial stiffness index was also observed. Indeed, after 20 days of strict diet, brachial AIX decreased by 17.7% in the L‐Na group and by 14.6% in the M‐Na group. PWV variation was higher in the L‐Na group, with a statistically significant reduction of 1.6m/s. Conclusions The study demonstrated that in the two populations studied there was a relevant number of subjects who, although hypertensive, did not know their blood pressure situation. If correctly monitored and treated even with only small changes of their lifestyle, in particular as regards the sodium intake, these subjects may exert a positive control on blood pressure, with a consequent possible reduction of cardiovascular risk. In both the populations studied, a salt intake of 3.75 mg per day has more evident and incisive effects in the short term respect to a salt intake of 5.5 mg per day, while the observance of a diet with low sodium intake is effective in a similar way on the long term. The preservation of pressure values within the reference range demonstrates that results are more effective depending on as much time is dedicated to controls. The more time is dedicated to controls, to a personalized identification of correct eating habits and to their strengthening of such a life style, the more efficacy the results are .File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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