Pati iniuriam per alios (Gai. 3, 221-222)

The transformation of the iniuria of the XII Tables into the praetorian iniuria/contumeliapromotes the distinction between the iniuria directly suffered by slaves or free peoplealieni iuris, and the iniuria indirectly suffered by the pater or the husband (pati iniuria peralios).This leads to a multiplication of the possible claims for compensation.In regard to the free people, the most interesting case is given by the offense to the wife.With the prevalence of the marriage sine manu on the marriage cum manu, the claim forcompensation of the husband is no more based on manus, but rather on affectus .In regard to the slaves, the influence of the Stoicism on the work of the juristsemphasizes the nature of the slave as persona, and this leads to the protection of injuriesdirected to the servus, even when there is no offense to the dominus.[...]