Phagocytes, namely monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, are major components of innate immunity. They respond to inflammatory/immune insults by up-regulating their host defense functions, including phagocytosis, cytokine production, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The host defense functions of phagocytes are selectively influenced by intracellular pH (pHi) that is controlled by which several plasmamembrane acid-base transporters, including the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) which operate the exchange of extracellular Na+ with cytoplasmic H+ ions according to the concentration gradient. The functions of NHE are not only restricted to pHi homeostasis: the exchenger plays also an important role a variety of downstream events, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal organization. Moreover, in several tumors, the extracellular microenviroment is more acidic with respect to normal tissues and, in these conditions, the NHE represents the only system able to regulate pHi homeostasis. In this contest, it was reported , in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells), that NHE mRNA levels as well as the exchanger activity are respectively 10-and-3 fold higher than in normal hepatocytes, Changes in pHi in response to a variety of ligands may represent a signalling event for the regulation of phospholipase activities: a family of enzymes able to generate bioactive lipids such as diacyglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG as well as PA can activate the enzyme NADPHoxidase, an important source of ROS in phagocytes. The NADPHoxidase plays an important role also in other cell systems including HepG2, where its activation appears positively coupled to the inhibition cell proliferation. It is well known that monocytes and macrophages in response to inflammatory insults can release the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an hormone mainly secreted by the heart atria able to induce natriuresis, vasodilation and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. The ANP can also regulate several immune functions since its able to reduce production of proinflammatory mediators by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α synthesis. On the basis of both the important role of pHi and the possible relationship between NHE and ROS generation, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on intracellular pH (pHi), phospholipase (C and D) activities and (ROS) production in human monocytes, macrophages and HepG2 cells. A significant pHi decrease due to the NHE inhibition was observed in ANP-stimulated macrophages as well as in HepG2 cells. Conversely, even if both monocytes and macrophages were show to express all three natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C), no significant effect on pHi was observed in monocytes stimulated with ANP. Nevertheless, the treatment of monocytes with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, a specific inhibitor of NHE was able to determine a decrease of pHi which was similar to the one observed in macrophages after ANP stimulation. In human macrophages the ANP-induced pHi decrease was paralleled by an increased activity of both phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC), whereas in HepG2 cells the intracellular acidification was correlated only to an increased PLD activity. Our results suggest that second lipid messengers produced after ANP-induced pHi decrease, such DAG and PA, were able to promote the NADPH oxidase activation in human macrophages as well as in HepG2 cells. Finally, all ANP-effects were mediated by NPR-C receptors.
Le cellule fagocitiche; monociti, macrofagi e neutrofili, sono i maggiori componenti della immunità innata. Tali cellule rispondono a stimoli infiammatori e/o immunitari attraverso meccanismi di difesa che si esplicano tramite la fagocitosi, la produzione di citochine e la generazione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS). I meccanismi di difesa operati dai fagociti sono selettivamente influenzati dal pH intracellulare (pHi) che è in genere regolato da differenti trasportatori di membrana tra cui lo scambiatore sodio/idrogeno (NHE). L’NHE opera l’influsso di ioni sodio ed il contemporaneo efflusso di ioni idrogeno in accordo con i rispettivi gradienti di concentrazione. Le funzioni di NHE non sono ristrette alla regolazione del pHi: lo scambiatore esercita anche un importante ruolo in diverse funzioni biologiche tra cui la proliferazione e il differenziamento cellulare, l’apoptosi e la riorganizzazione citoscheletrica. Inoltre, in diversi tumori, il microambiente extracellulare è più acido di quello che caratterizza i tessuti normali, e in queste condizioni l’NHE rappresenta l’unico sistema in grado di assicurare l’omeostasi del pHi. A questo riguardo, nel modello di carcinoma epatico umano (HepG2), i livelli di mRNA di NHE come l’attività dello scambiatore sono 10 e 3 volte superiori rispetto a quanto riportato per i normali epatociti. Variazioni del pHi in risposta a differenti agonisti possono rappresentare dei segnali precoci capaci di contribuire alla regolazione dell’attività delle fosfolipasi; una famiglia di enzimi in grado di generare dei lipidi bioattivi tra cui il diacilglicerolo (DAG) e l’acido fosfatidico (PA). Il DAG e il PA possono attivare l’enzima NADPH ossidasi, che rappresenta una importante sorgente di ROS nei fagociti. La NADPH ossidasi svolge un importante ruolo anche in altri sistemi cellulari tra cui le HepG2, dove la sua attivazione appare essere positivamente correlata all’inibizione della proliferazione cellulare. I monociti ed i macrogafi in risposta a degli stimoli infiammatori sono in grado di rilasciare il peptide natriuretico atriale (ANP), un piccolo ormone principalmente sintetizzato dai cardiomiociti atriali capace di promuovere la natriuresi, la diuresi e di contribuire alla regolazione della pressione sanguigna. L’ANP può anche regolare alcune funzioni immunitarie in quanto capace di contrastare l’espressione di alcuni mediatori infiammatori tra cui la ciclossigenasi-2 (COX2), l’ossido nitrico (NO) e il fattore di necrosi tumorale (TNF)-α.Sulla base dell’importante ruolo del pHi e della possibile relazione tra NHE e produzione di ROS, il presente studio è stato incentrato nel valutare l’effetto dell’ANP sul pHi, sull’attività di alcune fosfolipasi (Ce D) e sulla produzione di ROS nei monociti/macrofagi umani e nelle cellule HepG2. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato un significativo decremento del pHi dovuto all’inibizione di NHE dopo stimolazione con ANP nei macrofagi e nelle cellule HepG2. Sia i monociti che i macrofagi si siano rivelati in grado di esprimere l’intero set dei recettori per i peptidi natriuretici (NPR-A,NPR-B e NPR-C), ma nessuna significativa variazione del pHi è stata evidenziata nei monociti stimolati con ANP. Tuttavia, il trattamento dei monociti con 5-(etil-N-isopropil)amiloride, uno specifico inibitore di NHE è stato in grado di riprodurre il modello di acidificazione osservato nei macrofagi dopo stimolazione con ANP. Nei macrofagi il decremento ANP-dipendente del pHi è apparso parallelo ad un incremento dell’attività della PLD e della PLC, mentre nelle cellule HepG2 l’acidificazione intracellulare è stata correlata unicamente dell’attivazione della PLD. Il decremento ANP-dipendente del pHi, è stato correlato alla produzione di messaggeri lipidici bioattivi quali il DAG e il PA che si sono dimostrati responsabili dell’attivazione della NADPH ossidasi sia nei macrofagi che nelle cellule HepG2. Infine, tutti gli effetti mediati dall’ANP sono stati riprodotti utilizzando un analogo troncato dell’ormone denominato cANF specifico per i recettori NPR-C.
(2004). Relazione tra pH intracellulare e produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno nella risposta immune innata: ruolo dello scambiatore sodio/idrogeno e del peptide natriuretico atriale.
Relazione tra pH intracellulare e produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno nella risposta immune innata: ruolo dello scambiatore sodio/idrogeno e del peptide natriuretico atriale
DE VITO, PAOLO
2004-01-01
Abstract
Phagocytes, namely monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, are major components of innate immunity. They respond to inflammatory/immune insults by up-regulating their host defense functions, including phagocytosis, cytokine production, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The host defense functions of phagocytes are selectively influenced by intracellular pH (pHi) that is controlled by which several plasmamembrane acid-base transporters, including the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) which operate the exchange of extracellular Na+ with cytoplasmic H+ ions according to the concentration gradient. The functions of NHE are not only restricted to pHi homeostasis: the exchenger plays also an important role a variety of downstream events, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal organization. Moreover, in several tumors, the extracellular microenviroment is more acidic with respect to normal tissues and, in these conditions, the NHE represents the only system able to regulate pHi homeostasis. In this contest, it was reported , in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells), that NHE mRNA levels as well as the exchanger activity are respectively 10-and-3 fold higher than in normal hepatocytes, Changes in pHi in response to a variety of ligands may represent a signalling event for the regulation of phospholipase activities: a family of enzymes able to generate bioactive lipids such as diacyglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG as well as PA can activate the enzyme NADPHoxidase, an important source of ROS in phagocytes. The NADPHoxidase plays an important role also in other cell systems including HepG2, where its activation appears positively coupled to the inhibition cell proliferation. It is well known that monocytes and macrophages in response to inflammatory insults can release the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an hormone mainly secreted by the heart atria able to induce natriuresis, vasodilation and contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. The ANP can also regulate several immune functions since its able to reduce production of proinflammatory mediators by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α synthesis. On the basis of both the important role of pHi and the possible relationship between NHE and ROS generation, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on intracellular pH (pHi), phospholipase (C and D) activities and (ROS) production in human monocytes, macrophages and HepG2 cells. A significant pHi decrease due to the NHE inhibition was observed in ANP-stimulated macrophages as well as in HepG2 cells. Conversely, even if both monocytes and macrophages were show to express all three natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C), no significant effect on pHi was observed in monocytes stimulated with ANP. Nevertheless, the treatment of monocytes with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, a specific inhibitor of NHE was able to determine a decrease of pHi which was similar to the one observed in macrophages after ANP stimulation. In human macrophages the ANP-induced pHi decrease was paralleled by an increased activity of both phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC), whereas in HepG2 cells the intracellular acidification was correlated only to an increased PLD activity. Our results suggest that second lipid messengers produced after ANP-induced pHi decrease, such DAG and PA, were able to promote the NADPH oxidase activation in human macrophages as well as in HepG2 cells. Finally, all ANP-effects were mediated by NPR-C receptors.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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