HSP90 is a molecular chaperone required for activation and stabilization of numerous proteins involved in cell cycling, receptor function, signal transduction and apoptosis pathways. HSP90 is abundant in all cells and is differentially expressed in several tissues during the embryonic development and in stem cells. HSP90 functions as a homodimer with each monomer consisting of three major domains: the N-terminal ATP-domain, the middle domain and the Cterminal dimerization domain. The two major isoforms of this molecular chaperone include HSP90 alpha and beta. The HSP90 beta isoform is ubiquitously highly expressed, whereas the HSP90 alpha isoform is stress-inducible and is over-expressed in many tumors and in stem cells. Both HSP90 alpha and beta are regulated by specific promoters and their reciprocal expression is balanced and is tightly controlled. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), higher levels of the HSP90 protein have been associated with poor prognosis. Here, we report transcriptional and translational inhibition of HSP90s in primary blasts from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL is a unique subtype of AML characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation, giving rise to the PML-RAR fusion protein that deregulates the expression of various genes involved in differentiation and apoptosis pathways. APL cells have been shown to be sensitive to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). The serine - threonine kinase AKT, plays crucial regulatory roles in different biological processes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle, transcription, translation, metabolism and apoptosis and is a client protein of HSP90. We found that nuclear AKT activity increases during ATRAmediated differentiation of the human APL cell line (NB4). Furthermore, we were able to show that in-vitro treatment of PML-RAR expressing cells (NB4 cells, PR9 cells and primary APL blasts) with ATRA and ATO restores the balanced expression of HSP90. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that PML-RAR binds to the HSP90 alpha and beta promoter regions, and that treatment of NB4 cells with ATRA induces promoter acetylation of the two HSP90 isoforms. Our study shows for the first time that the presence of the PML-RAR fusion protein inhibits HSP90s expression at the transcriptional level through recruitment of the HDACrepressor complex NCOR in the promoters of HSP90 alpha and beta isoforms. In this line, AKT resulted down-regulated at the protein level in primary APL blasts, where we also demonstrated that PML-RAR negatively regulates the post translational expression of AKT through transcriptional down regulation of HSP90.
La proteina HSP90 è uno chaperone molecolare necessario per l’attivazione e la stabilizzazione di numerose proteine coinvolte nel ciclo cellulare, nella trasduzione del segnale, nel processo apoptotico e con funzione recettoriale. Tale chaperone è presente in quantità elevata in tutte le cellule, ma è differenzialmente espresso nei diversi tessuti durante lo sviluppo embrionale e nelle cellule staminali. HSP90 svolge la sua funzione in forma di omodimero, i cui due monomeri (isoforma alpha () e beta (sono costituiti da tre principali domini: un dominio N-terminale con attività ATP-dipendente, un dominio intermedio e un dominio di dimerizzazione. La forma HSP90 beta è ubiquitaria, a differenza dell’isoforma alpha che aumenta invece in condizioni di stress, in molti tumori e nelle cellule staminali. Le isoforme alpha e beta sono regolate ciascuna dal proprio promotore e la loro espressione e’ in stretto equilibrio. In pazienti con leucemia acuta mieloide (LMA), livelli elevati della proteina HSP90 correlano con una prognosi infausta per il paziente. In questo studio abbiamo dimostrato che l’espressione della proteina HSP90 viene inibita a livello trascrizionale e traslazionale in cellule di pazienti con leucemia acuta promielocitica (LAP). La LAP è un sottotipo distinto di LMA, caratterizzato dalla presenza della traslocazione t(15;17), che da’ origine alla proteina di fusione PML-RAR in grado di inibire l’espressione di vari geni coinvolti nel differenziamento cellulare e nel apoptosi. I blasti della LAP sono sensibili all’azione dell’acido all-trans-retinoico (ATRA) ed al triossido di arsenico (ATO), molecole in grado di indurre il differenziamento cellulare. La serina-treonina chinasi AKT svolge un ruolo regolatore cruciale in differenti processi biologici quali differenziamento cellulare, ciclo cellulare, trascrizione, traduzione, metabolismo e apoptosi, ed è una proteina regolata da HSP90. Abbiamo dimostrato che nella linea cellulare promielocitica NB4, l’attività nucleare della proteina AKT aumenta durante il differenziamento indotto dall’ATRA. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato come il trattamento in-vitro di cellule PML-RAR positive (NB4, PR9 e blasti leucemici primari) con ATRA e ATO siano in grado di ristabilire una corretta espressione di HSP90. Effettuando esperimenti di immunoprecipitazione della cromatina abbiamo dimostrato come PML-RAR interagisca direttamente con i promotori delle isoforme alpha e beta di HSP90 e come il trattamento delle cellule NB4 con ATRA aumenti l’acetilazione delle due isoforme . Abbiamo quindi dimostrato che la presenza di PML-RAR inibisce l'espressione di HSP90 a livello trascrizionale attraverso il reclutamento del complesso repressore NCORHDAC nel promotore dei geni che codificano per le isoforme alpha e beta. Abbiamo inoltre evidenziato la down-regolazione della proteina AKT nei pazienti con leucemia acuta promielocitica e abbiamo osservato come PML-RAR regoli negativamente l'espressione post-traduzionale di AKT attraverso la down-regolazione di HSP90.
Piredda, M.l. (2015). Regolazione della proteina AKT da parte del complesso PML-RARα attraverso l’inibizione di HSP90 (heat shock protein 90 kD) nella leucemia acuta promielocitica t(15;17) [10.58015/piredda-maria-liliana_phd2015].
Regolazione della proteina AKT da parte del complesso PML-RARα attraverso l’inibizione di HSP90 (heat shock protein 90 kD) nella leucemia acuta promielocitica t(15;17)
PIREDDA, MARIA LILIANA
2015-01-01
Abstract
HSP90 is a molecular chaperone required for activation and stabilization of numerous proteins involved in cell cycling, receptor function, signal transduction and apoptosis pathways. HSP90 is abundant in all cells and is differentially expressed in several tissues during the embryonic development and in stem cells. HSP90 functions as a homodimer with each monomer consisting of three major domains: the N-terminal ATP-domain, the middle domain and the Cterminal dimerization domain. The two major isoforms of this molecular chaperone include HSP90 alpha and beta. The HSP90 beta isoform is ubiquitously highly expressed, whereas the HSP90 alpha isoform is stress-inducible and is over-expressed in many tumors and in stem cells. Both HSP90 alpha and beta are regulated by specific promoters and their reciprocal expression is balanced and is tightly controlled. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), higher levels of the HSP90 protein have been associated with poor prognosis. Here, we report transcriptional and translational inhibition of HSP90s in primary blasts from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL is a unique subtype of AML characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation, giving rise to the PML-RAR fusion protein that deregulates the expression of various genes involved in differentiation and apoptosis pathways. APL cells have been shown to be sensitive to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). The serine - threonine kinase AKT, plays crucial regulatory roles in different biological processes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle, transcription, translation, metabolism and apoptosis and is a client protein of HSP90. We found that nuclear AKT activity increases during ATRAmediated differentiation of the human APL cell line (NB4). Furthermore, we were able to show that in-vitro treatment of PML-RAR expressing cells (NB4 cells, PR9 cells and primary APL blasts) with ATRA and ATO restores the balanced expression of HSP90. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that PML-RAR binds to the HSP90 alpha and beta promoter regions, and that treatment of NB4 cells with ATRA induces promoter acetylation of the two HSP90 isoforms. Our study shows for the first time that the presence of the PML-RAR fusion protein inhibits HSP90s expression at the transcriptional level through recruitment of the HDACrepressor complex NCOR in the promoters of HSP90 alpha and beta isoforms. In this line, AKT resulted down-regulated at the protein level in primary APL blasts, where we also demonstrated that PML-RAR negatively regulates the post translational expression of AKT through transcriptional down regulation of HSP90.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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