In the last decades, the public sector has undergone a series of changes and transformations in its service delivery and policy formulation role. In order to understand these transformations, different theoretical interpretative models have been developed. One of these approaches highlights the blurring of the sharp limits between the public and the private sector; in this context of “hollow” state, deprived from its hierarchical government functions, private organizations are gaining more and more importance in the provision of public services. Other approaches outline how a steadily increasing number of problems of public interest are becoming more and more complex, or “wicked”. This leads to the necessity, when solving these problems or formulating policies concerning them, of integrating a higher number of stakeholders, also private. These approaches share the common idea that a new form of organization, alternative both to markets and hierarchies, is gaining a relevant role in various sectors of traditionally public competence: among others, health, education, spatial planning and the management of natural resources. These organizational forms, based on the coordination of different, not necessarily public, stakeholders who share their own competences are referred to as “networks”. This work aims at applying the interpretive network model to the heritage management sector, since this sector of public importance has, so far, experienced a limited application of this model. While the network model is widely applied in some specific areas of the cultural sector (such as museums, festivals or creative clusters), heritage management has, until now, been mainly interpreted through approaches analyzing a single managing organization. Moreover, even where applied, the concept of networks in heritage management has been mostly limited to a mere description of the relations between single organizations, without considering the network itself as study object. One example for this limitation is represented by the gap in the application to heritage management of the concept of network performance, with whole networks as analysis level. In revised and systematic manner, this work collects three essays which aim at filling the gaps in network performance analysis within heritage management. It does so by applying the network concept to UNESCO World Heritage Sites cases. The overall analysis aims at 6 three principal aspects; each of them is elaborated in depth in each of the three contributions here collected. The first objective of the work is the systematization of the various theoretical approaches so far produced by literature on networks and network performance, with the aim to develop an integrated model of performance. The first chapter tackles this goal through the contribution titled “Network performance and its determinants: reviewing the theoretical perspectives for the development of an integrated model”. The second objective consists in analyzing the feasibility of applying a configurational approach to the analysis of factors determining network performance. This specific issue is examined in the second contribution, named “QCA as a configurational approach to network performance analysis: issues of complexity reduction and set calibration in a study on World Heritage Sites networks”. The chapter introduces and describes the configurational method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). It does so by identifying two main critical aspects in its application to networks: on the one hand, the difficulty to reduce the complexity of the theoretical model in order to obtain a reduced set of variables to analyses, and, on the other hand, the calibration process. This process is one of the critical steps when applying QCA, since it requires transforming qualitative information collected in single cases into quantitative values. The concrete application of these two aspects is described in detail by illustrating a preliminary case study of two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study is of exploratory nature and is preparatory to the QCA analysis described in the third chapter. Finally, the results of the QCA are presented in this third chapter, under the title “Conditions affecting network performance in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: a Qualitative Comparative analysis of thirteen Italian cases”, the third contribution, actually approaches the system. The aim of this contribution consists in identifying the configuration of factors influencing network performance in Italian UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The three contributions collected and presented here aim therefore at illustrating a coherent research process, consisting of the theoretical, methodological and empirical dimensions. These contributions are thus presented in thematic order and, even though originally conceived to be presented separately, have been adapted in order to allow evidencing the sequence of the research process they are based on. 7 This work contributes to the further development of studies on network performance in three main ways: firstly, theoretical, secondly methodological and thirdly, empirical. Regarding the theoretical contribution, this work, referring to models previously developed in literature, systemizes one single integrated model of network performance integrating three levels of performance – performance on the network, community and organization level – and four typologies of factors influencing performance defined as exogenous, external, internal interaction and network management factors. Regarding methodologies, this work provides a contribution to the so far limited application of the configurational approach to network performance analysis. It does so by verifying the feasibility of QCA as methodology. Furthermore, this work contributes to bringing forward transparency in QCA calibration processes and to improving the application of mixed methods to the analysis of network performance. Finally, this work delivers an empirical contribution to the configurational comparative analysis of network performance, by applying, for the first time, an integrated theoretical network performance model in a QCA-based study of 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The innovative aspect consists in analyzing all three dimensions of network performance at the same time by outlining the various configurations of internal conditions of the network influencing them. The results contribute to advancing the knowledge of the mechanisms within networks managing World Heritage Sites and cast a new light on several aspects; among them, the nature of network management, the role of cooperative processes and the influence of the contextual factors on networks. Finally, the present work outlines a series of practical implications, relevant for the daily management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Note: The contributions were presented on several conferences, among which: - IRSPM 2013 conference, Prague (CZ), 10.-12.04.2013. - MINAH, Managing Inhabited Natural Heritage Conference, Clermont-Ferrand (FR), September 11.-13.09.2013. - NPS (New Public Sector Seminar) on “The State, the Arts and Popular Culture”, Edinburgh (UK), 07.-08.11.2013. - EURAM 2014 Conference, Valencia, 04.-06.06.2014.
Negli ultimi decenni il settore pubblico ha vissuto una serie di cambiamenti e di trasformazioni. Queste trasformazioni sono state accompagnate, a livello teorico, da diversi modelli interpretativi. Uno di questi principali modelli individua un progressivo offuscamento dei confini fra settore pubblico e privato; in questo contesto di stato “svuotato” (hollow) delle proprie funzioni di governo gerarchico, le organizzazioni private acquistano sempre più importanza nel fornire servizi pubblici. Altri approcci ancora evidenziano come l’emergere di problemi di interesse pubblico sempre più complessi (wicked), comporti l’esigenza di un coinvolgimento di un numero sempre maggiori di soggetti, anche privati, nella loro risoluzione o nella formulazione di politiche adeguate. Questi diversi approcci hanno in comune l’idea che un nuovo modello organizzativo, alternativo sia alle forme di mercato sia alle gerarchie, si stia diffondendo in vari settori di pubblico interesse: la sanità, l’educazione, la pianificazione territoriale e la gestione delle risorse naturali. Questo modello, basato sul coordinamento di diversi soggetti - non esclusivamente pubblici - che condividono le proprie competenze, è il modello delle reti (networks). Il presente lavoro mira ad applicare il modello dei networks a un settore di rilevanza pubblica nel quale, finora, questo modello ha avuto una diffusione limitata, ovvero il settore della gestione del patrimonio culturale e naturale. Mentre in alcuni specifici ambiti del settore culturale, il modello delle reti è ampiamente diffuso e applicato (ad esempio, nell’ambito museale, nell’ambito dei festival o nell’ambito dei cluster creativi), la gestione del patrimonio è stata finora interpretata con un approccio prevalentemente rivolto all’analisi di una singola organizzazione. Inoltre, anche dove applicato, il concetto di network nel sistema culturale si limita perlopiù una descrizione dei rapporti fra singole organizzazioni, senza utilizzare la rete stessa come oggetto di studio. Un esempio di questa limitazione è dato dalla scarsa diffusione, nell’ambito dell’analisi della gestione del patrimonio culturale, di studi sulla performance che utilizzino la rete nel complesso come livello di analisi. Il presente lavoro raccoglie, in forma riorganizzata e sistematizzata, tre contributi (essays) volti a colmare le lacune riscontrate nell’analisi della performance delle reti di gestione del patrimonio culturale e naturale, applicando questo concetto al caso dei Siti italiani Patrimonio Mondiale UNESCO. Tre sono i focus principali di questo lavoro di ricerca; ognuno di essi è stato sviluppato in profondità in ciascuno dei tre contributi qui raccolti. 9 Il primo obiettivo del lavoro è la sistematizzazione dei diversi approcci teorici finora prodotti in letteratura sul tema delle reti (networks) e della performance delle reti (network performance), in modo da sviluppare un modello integrato di performance. Questo obiettivo viene affrontato nel primo capitolo, costituito dal contributo dal titolo “Network performance and its determinants: reviewing the theoretical perspectives for the development of an integrated model”. Il secondo obiettivo è di verificare la fattibilità dell’applicazione di un approccio configurazionale allo studio dei fattori che determinano la performance delle reti. Questo specifico tema viene trattato nel secondo capitolo, che presenta un contributo dal titolo “QCA as a configurational approach to network performance analysis: issues of complexity reduction and set calibration in a study on World Heritage Sites networks”. Il capitolo introduce e illustra la metodologia configurazionale della Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), individuando i due principali aspetti critici nella sua applicazione allo studio delle reti: la difficoltà nel ridurre la complessità del modello teorico al fine di ottenere un disegno della ricerca che conti un numero limitato di variabili e le problematiche concernenti il processo di calibrazione. Questo processo rappresenta uno dei punti cruciali nell’applicazione di una QCA e prevede la traduzione delle informazioni qualitative raccolte nei singoli casi in valori qualitativi. L’applicazione concreta di questi due aspetti viene descritta in dettaglio, illustrando il caso di studio preliminare di due aree UNESCO. Infine, il terzo obiettivo del presente lavoro è di individuare le combinazioni di fattori che determinano una maggiore performance nella gestione dei Siti UNESCO italiani, sulla base della comparazione sistematica di 13 casi analizzati tramite la metodologia della QCA. Il terzo contributo, dal titolo “Conditions affecting network performance in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: a Qualitative Comparative analysis of thirteen italian cases” si occupa proprio di questo obiettivo. I tre lavori qui raccolti e presentati insieme intendono dunque illustrare un percorso di ricerca coerente che si è articolato nelle dimensioni teorica, metodologica ed empirica. Essi vengono presentati in ordine tematico e, nonostante siano stati concepiti in origine per poter essere presentati autonomamente, sono stati riadattati in modo da evidenziare la coerenza del percorso di ricerca che è alla base della loro realizzazione. Si possono evidenziare tre maggiori contributi di questo lavoro all’avanzamento degli studi sulla performance delle reti: il primo teorico, il secondo metodologico e il terzo empirico. 10 Dal punto di vista teorico, questo lavoro, basandosi sui precedenti modelli sviluppati in letteratura, sistematizza un singolo modello complessivo di performance delle reti che integra tre livelli di performance - performance a livello di rete, di comunità e organizzativo – e quattro tipologie di fattori che influenzano la performance – esogeni, esterni, di interazione interna e di gestione della rete (network management). Dal punto di vista metodologico, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo alla finora limitata applicazione dell’approccio configurazionale allo studio della performance delle reti, tramite la verifica della fattibilità della Qualitative Comparative Analysis come metodologia. Inoltre, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo all’avanzamento della trasparenza nei processi di calibrazione nella QCA e al miglioramento dell’applicazione di metodologie miste (mixed methods) allo studio della perfromance delle reti. Inoltre, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo empirico all’analisi comparativa delle reti, tramite una prima applicazione del modello teorico sviluppato a una QCA applicata a tredici reti Patrimonio UNESCO. L’innovatività del contributo risiede nel fatto che esso analizza contemporaneamente tutte e tre le dimensioni della performance, evidenziando le diverse configurazioni delle condizioni interne alle reti che le determinano. I risultati contribuiscono all’avanzamento della conoscenza dei meccanismi interni alle reti di gestione del patrimonio e gettano nuova luce su aspetti quali le strategie di gestione (network management), il ruolo dei processi cooperativi e l’influenza sulla performance delle reti della stabilità del contesto nel quale le reti stesse operano. Infine, il presente lavoro evidenzia una serie di implicazioni pratiche (practical implications) derivanti dalla ricerca e rilevanti per il lavoro quotidiano di gestione dei siti UNESCO. Nota I contributi sono stati presentati nell’ambito di alcune conferenze scientifiche, fa le quali: - Conferenza IRSPM 2013, Praga (CZ), 10-12 Aprile, 2013. - Conferenza “MINAH, Managing Inhabited Natural Heritage”, Clermont-Ferrand (FR), 11-13 Settembre 2013. - NPS (New Public Sector Seminar) sul tema “The State, the Arts and Popular Culture”, Edinburgo (UK), 7-8 Novembre 2013. - Conferenza EURAM 2014, Valencia, 4-6 Giugno, 2014.
(2013). Network performance and its determinants: a qualitative comparative analysis of italian unesco world heritage sites.
Network performance and its determinants: a qualitative comparative analysis of italian unesco world heritage sites
ELMI, MARIANNA
2013-01-01
Abstract
In the last decades, the public sector has undergone a series of changes and transformations in its service delivery and policy formulation role. In order to understand these transformations, different theoretical interpretative models have been developed. One of these approaches highlights the blurring of the sharp limits between the public and the private sector; in this context of “hollow” state, deprived from its hierarchical government functions, private organizations are gaining more and more importance in the provision of public services. Other approaches outline how a steadily increasing number of problems of public interest are becoming more and more complex, or “wicked”. This leads to the necessity, when solving these problems or formulating policies concerning them, of integrating a higher number of stakeholders, also private. These approaches share the common idea that a new form of organization, alternative both to markets and hierarchies, is gaining a relevant role in various sectors of traditionally public competence: among others, health, education, spatial planning and the management of natural resources. These organizational forms, based on the coordination of different, not necessarily public, stakeholders who share their own competences are referred to as “networks”. This work aims at applying the interpretive network model to the heritage management sector, since this sector of public importance has, so far, experienced a limited application of this model. While the network model is widely applied in some specific areas of the cultural sector (such as museums, festivals or creative clusters), heritage management has, until now, been mainly interpreted through approaches analyzing a single managing organization. Moreover, even where applied, the concept of networks in heritage management has been mostly limited to a mere description of the relations between single organizations, without considering the network itself as study object. One example for this limitation is represented by the gap in the application to heritage management of the concept of network performance, with whole networks as analysis level. In revised and systematic manner, this work collects three essays which aim at filling the gaps in network performance analysis within heritage management. It does so by applying the network concept to UNESCO World Heritage Sites cases. The overall analysis aims at 6 three principal aspects; each of them is elaborated in depth in each of the three contributions here collected. The first objective of the work is the systematization of the various theoretical approaches so far produced by literature on networks and network performance, with the aim to develop an integrated model of performance. The first chapter tackles this goal through the contribution titled “Network performance and its determinants: reviewing the theoretical perspectives for the development of an integrated model”. The second objective consists in analyzing the feasibility of applying a configurational approach to the analysis of factors determining network performance. This specific issue is examined in the second contribution, named “QCA as a configurational approach to network performance analysis: issues of complexity reduction and set calibration in a study on World Heritage Sites networks”. The chapter introduces and describes the configurational method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). It does so by identifying two main critical aspects in its application to networks: on the one hand, the difficulty to reduce the complexity of the theoretical model in order to obtain a reduced set of variables to analyses, and, on the other hand, the calibration process. This process is one of the critical steps when applying QCA, since it requires transforming qualitative information collected in single cases into quantitative values. The concrete application of these two aspects is described in detail by illustrating a preliminary case study of two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study is of exploratory nature and is preparatory to the QCA analysis described in the third chapter. Finally, the results of the QCA are presented in this third chapter, under the title “Conditions affecting network performance in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: a Qualitative Comparative analysis of thirteen Italian cases”, the third contribution, actually approaches the system. The aim of this contribution consists in identifying the configuration of factors influencing network performance in Italian UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The three contributions collected and presented here aim therefore at illustrating a coherent research process, consisting of the theoretical, methodological and empirical dimensions. These contributions are thus presented in thematic order and, even though originally conceived to be presented separately, have been adapted in order to allow evidencing the sequence of the research process they are based on. 7 This work contributes to the further development of studies on network performance in three main ways: firstly, theoretical, secondly methodological and thirdly, empirical. Regarding the theoretical contribution, this work, referring to models previously developed in literature, systemizes one single integrated model of network performance integrating three levels of performance – performance on the network, community and organization level – and four typologies of factors influencing performance defined as exogenous, external, internal interaction and network management factors. Regarding methodologies, this work provides a contribution to the so far limited application of the configurational approach to network performance analysis. It does so by verifying the feasibility of QCA as methodology. Furthermore, this work contributes to bringing forward transparency in QCA calibration processes and to improving the application of mixed methods to the analysis of network performance. Finally, this work delivers an empirical contribution to the configurational comparative analysis of network performance, by applying, for the first time, an integrated theoretical network performance model in a QCA-based study of 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The innovative aspect consists in analyzing all three dimensions of network performance at the same time by outlining the various configurations of internal conditions of the network influencing them. The results contribute to advancing the knowledge of the mechanisms within networks managing World Heritage Sites and cast a new light on several aspects; among them, the nature of network management, the role of cooperative processes and the influence of the contextual factors on networks. Finally, the present work outlines a series of practical implications, relevant for the daily management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Note: The contributions were presented on several conferences, among which: - IRSPM 2013 conference, Prague (CZ), 10.-12.04.2013. - MINAH, Managing Inhabited Natural Heritage Conference, Clermont-Ferrand (FR), September 11.-13.09.2013. - NPS (New Public Sector Seminar) on “The State, the Arts and Popular Culture”, Edinburgh (UK), 07.-08.11.2013. - EURAM 2014 Conference, Valencia, 04.-06.06.2014.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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