Background: The West-African (WA) Zaire Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak was characterized by an exceptionally high number of cases and deaths as compared with the Eastern-Central African (ECA) outbreaks. Despite the Zaire Ebolavirus being the most lethal for humans, case-fatality rate, close to 80% in ECA outbreaks, almost halved to 47% in Guinea-Liberia-Sierra Leone (WA). Such an improvement was due to the remarkable implementation of international humanitarian aids. Some studies also suggested that the long human-to-human transmission cycle occurred in WA, gave rise to human adaptation and consequent immune escape. Haemorrhage, the main feature in seriously infected EVD patients, is due to the immune system that triggers the infected endothelial cells which expose the spike-like glycoprotein (GP) of the virion on their surface. If the human adaptation hypothesis holds true, the proportion of EVD patients with haemorrhage in the WA outbreak should be lower than in the ECA outbreaks due to immune escape. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the relative frequencies of three typical haemorrhagic symptoms (conjunctival –CB, nasal –NB, gingival –GB- bleedings) in the ECA and WA outbreaks. Methods: Literature searches were performed through PubMed and Scopus using generic keywords; surveys including at least ten patients reporting CB, NB, GB relative frequencies were extracted and split into ECA and WA. The meta-analytical methods chosen were based on the levels of between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Pooled CB, NB, GB relative frequencies in ECA and WA were estimated and compared. Subgroup analysis including only studies on Zaire Ebolavirus also was performed. Results. Fifteen studies (10 ECA, 5 WA) were located with 4,867 (CB), 3,859 (NB), 4,278 (GB) EVD patients overall. GB pooled relative frequency was 45.3% (95% confidence interval -95CI, 34.7-56.1%) and 18.0% (95CI, 6.0-34.5%), in ECA and WA; NB was 10.6% (95CI, 5.7-16.8%) and 1.3% (1.0-1.8%); GB was 24.2% (95CI, 11.9-39.2%) and 1.9% (95CI, 1.4-2.4%). Subgroup analysis confirmed these results. Conclusions: During the WA outbreak the relative frequency of GB decreased by two thirds, while NB and GB almost disappeared, suggesting that the Zaire Ebolavirus human adaptation hypothesis is plausible.
Background: Il focolaio della malattia Ebolavirus (EVD) dello Zaire dell'Africa Occidentale (WA) è stato caratterizzato da un numero eccezionalmente elevato di casi e di decessi rispetto ai focolai dell'Africa centro-orientale (ECA). Nonostante l'Ebolavirus dello Zaire sia il più letale per gli esseri umani, il tasso di mortalità vicino al 80% nei focolai ECA, si è quasi dimezzato al 47% in Guinea-Liberia-Sierra Leone (WA). Tale miglioramento è dovuto alla notevole applicazione degli aiuti umanitari internazionali. Alcuni studi hanno anche suggerito che il lungo ciclo di trasmissione da uomo a uomo che si è verificato in WA ha dato luogo all'adattamento umano e la conseguente salvezza immunitaria. L'emorragia, la caratteristica principale dei pazienti seriamente infettati da EVD , è dovuta al sistema immunitario che attiva le cellule endoteliali infette che espongono la glicoproteina spike-like (GP) del virione sulla loro superficie. Se l'ipotesi di adattamento umano è vero, la percentuale di pazienti con emorragia EVD nel focolaio WA dovrebbe essere inferiore a quello dei focolai ECA a causa della salvezza immunitaria. Pertanto, l'obiettivo di questa meta-analisi è stato quello di confrontare le frequenze relative dei tre tipici sintomi emorragici (congiuntivale, nasale, gengivale, sanguinamenti) nel ECA e nei focolai WA. Metodi: ricerche bibliografiche sono state eseguite attraverso PubMed e Scopus usando parole chiave generiche; indagini comprendenti almeno dieci pazienti che hanno riportato CB, NB, GB frequenze relative sono stati estratti e suddivisi in ECA e WA. I metodi meta-analitici scelti erano basati sui livelli di eterogeneità tra gli studi e il bias di pubblicazione. Messe insieme le CB, NB, GB frequenze relative a ECA e WA sono stati stimati e confrontati. L'analisi per sottogruppi includendo solo studi su Zaire Ebolavirus anche è stata eseguita. Risultati. Quindici studi (10 ECA, 5 WA) sono stati ubicati con 4.867 (CB), 3.859 (NB), 4.278 pazienti (GB) EVD complessivi. Messi insieme la frequenza relativa è stata del 45,3% (95% intervallo di confidenza -95CI, 34,7-56,1%) e il 18,0% (95CI, 6,0-34,5%), in ECA e WA; NB è stato del 10,6% (95CI, 5,7-16,8%) e 1,3% (1,0-1,8%); GB è stato del 24,2% (95CI, 11,9-39,2%) e 1,9% (95CI, 1,4-2,4%). L'analisi per sottogruppi ha confermato questi risultati. Conclusioni: Durante l'epidemia WA la frequenza relativa di GB è diminuita di due terzi, mentre NB e GB sono quasi scomparsi, suggerendo che l'ipotesi dell'adattamento umano dello Zaire Ebolavirus è plausibile.
Petti, S., Messano, G., Vingolo, E., Marsella, L.t., Scully, C. (2015). The face of Ebola: changing frequency of haemorrhage in the West African compared with Eastern-Central African outbreaks. A meta-analysis. BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 15(1) [10.1186/s12879-015-1302-4].
The face of Ebola: changing frequency of haemorrhage in the West African compared with Eastern-Central African outbreaks. A meta-analysis
MARSELLA, LUIGI TONINO;
2015-01-01
Abstract
Background: The West-African (WA) Zaire Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak was characterized by an exceptionally high number of cases and deaths as compared with the Eastern-Central African (ECA) outbreaks. Despite the Zaire Ebolavirus being the most lethal for humans, case-fatality rate, close to 80% in ECA outbreaks, almost halved to 47% in Guinea-Liberia-Sierra Leone (WA). Such an improvement was due to the remarkable implementation of international humanitarian aids. Some studies also suggested that the long human-to-human transmission cycle occurred in WA, gave rise to human adaptation and consequent immune escape. Haemorrhage, the main feature in seriously infected EVD patients, is due to the immune system that triggers the infected endothelial cells which expose the spike-like glycoprotein (GP) of the virion on their surface. If the human adaptation hypothesis holds true, the proportion of EVD patients with haemorrhage in the WA outbreak should be lower than in the ECA outbreaks due to immune escape. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the relative frequencies of three typical haemorrhagic symptoms (conjunctival –CB, nasal –NB, gingival –GB- bleedings) in the ECA and WA outbreaks. Methods: Literature searches were performed through PubMed and Scopus using generic keywords; surveys including at least ten patients reporting CB, NB, GB relative frequencies were extracted and split into ECA and WA. The meta-analytical methods chosen were based on the levels of between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Pooled CB, NB, GB relative frequencies in ECA and WA were estimated and compared. Subgroup analysis including only studies on Zaire Ebolavirus also was performed. Results. Fifteen studies (10 ECA, 5 WA) were located with 4,867 (CB), 3,859 (NB), 4,278 (GB) EVD patients overall. GB pooled relative frequency was 45.3% (95% confidence interval -95CI, 34.7-56.1%) and 18.0% (95CI, 6.0-34.5%), in ECA and WA; NB was 10.6% (95CI, 5.7-16.8%) and 1.3% (1.0-1.8%); GB was 24.2% (95CI, 11.9-39.2%) and 1.9% (95CI, 1.4-2.4%). Subgroup analysis confirmed these results. Conclusions: During the WA outbreak the relative frequency of GB decreased by two thirds, while NB and GB almost disappeared, suggesting that the Zaire Ebolavirus human adaptation hypothesis is plausible.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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