Background. Anal Incontinence (AI) is the ability to defer the call to stool to a socially acceptable time and place. Loss of control of solid feces is complete anal incontinence, whereas loss of control over flatus or liquid is partial anal incontinence, incomplete and more associated with diarrheal syndromes and fecal impaction. The most frequently used score are the CCF (0-20) score (Jorge and Wexner), which takes in account also the quality of life, and the Pescatori score (0-6), which is simple an easily understandable by the patients, AMS, Vaizey (St.Mark’s Hospital), Williams. Severe incontinence is likely to require surgery, whereas mild and moderate AI are better managed conservatively. The association between rectal prolapse and AI represent a clinical entity difficult to manage. Methods History, the most important factor is determination of the etiology, by physical examination, inspection of perineus for soiling, scars, mucosal ectropion , size of the rectal prolapse muscular deficit, fistulae, prolapsing hemorrhoids. digital exploration will allow to assess anal sphincter’s function: such as resting tone and squeeze contraction endoscopic evaluation to esclude the existence of inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, mucosal prolapse. Special Investigations: anal manometry, cine defecography, electromyography of the pelvic floor, rectal compliance, anal, vaginal and dynamic parineal endosonography. Surgical treatment: Park’s post anal repair, overlapping sphincteroplasty, total pelvic floor repair, encirclement procedures, injection of bulking agents. At the coloproctology units of the Italian society of Colorectal surgery, from 1983 to 2000, 738 patients were observed . Fortyseven (30 women) pts (6.4%), presented AI associated with rectal prolapse, twentyfive of those patients (53%), underwent surgical treatment. Rectal prolapse ( RP) may be full thickness, i.e. procidentia of the rectum through the sphincters, causes a variety of symptoms including pain, bleeding, mucous discharge, and urge to defecate. Associated AI, is experienced by 50% to 70% of the patients, and 25% to 50% of them have significant constipation according to CCF scoring system (0-30) for constipation. The specific causation has yet to be fully elucidated. The patients generally undergo baseline functional tests, following a detailed history and physical examination, as well as an evaluation of a comorbid history of genitourinary dysfunction and bowel habits. In addition anoscopy and full colonoscopy should be performed to exclude other sources of rectal bleeding or the presence of masses that may initiate an intussusception. Cinedefecography, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment and colonic transit studies are generally performed to better evaluate the concomitant presence of enterocele, paradoxical puborectalis contraction, pudendal nerve injury and denervation of the pelvic floor muscles and sphincter. Anorectal manometry is usually abnormal in the incontinent rectal prolapse patients. Surgical therapy of rectal prolapse is often non standard, but rather, tailored after careful consideration of the patient’s operative risk, life expectancy, associated functional disorders, and previous operative history.The goals of the surgical treatment are to eradicate the external prolapse of the rectum and to reduce the risk of recurrence, without causing an adverse impact on bowel function and continence. Perineal approaches, including Delorme’s procedure and perineal rectosigmoidectomy according to Altemeier, with or without levatorplasty (in case of incontinence) are usually carried out and may be tailored according to the presence and the degree of AI. Results Sixteen patients (10 women), at St. Eugenio Hospital (Rome) from 1987 to 2003, underwent Delorme’s procedure. Recurrence rate was 9% at 5 years (range of follow-up 6-60 months). Postoperative overall satisfaction was 73%, 46-75% of the patients experienced an improvement in continence. Twelve patients (8 women) underwent Altemeier procedure, recurrence rate was 1% with excellent results in terms of functional outcome regarding constipation and incontinence rates. Twenty five patients (9 women), underwent abdominal rectopexy according Orr-Loygue, recurrence rate at 5 years, was 2.5%, (range of follow-up 8-80 months).Continence was improved in 58% and constipation was improved in 61% of the patients. Satisfaction rate was 72%. Thirty six patients (16 women),underwent rectopexy according to Wells technique, 12 patients developed recurrence (range of follow-up 8-80 months). Continence was improved in 35%, constipation was worsened in 20% of the cases. Transabdominal open repair, has gained acceptance by most clinicians as the standard surgical procedure for patients with acceptable surgical risks, and is considered to have lower recurrence rates and better functional results than perineal approaches. In addition low recurrence rates, better functional outcome can be safely achieved using laparoscopic surgical techniques to repair full thickness rectal prolapse. Conclusion Selecting an operative approach based on clinical criteria provides satisfactory functional outcomes with regard to symptoms of constipation and incontinence. Anal incontinence is a complex dysfunction with multiple causes, and in rectal prolapse, it may be difficult to understand if it is due anatomical defect (full rectal eversion, internal and external anal sphincter and anal canal integrity in their anatomy and nerve supply) or to a functional lesion (abnormal anal and rectal sensitivity, loss of rectal reservoir function and rectal compliance). This may explain why in some cases treating just the prolapse may not be sufficient to cure all symptoms. A combination of both rectal excision or rectopexy and sphincteroplasty may be required to cure some patients with rectal prolapse and severe anal incontinence due to sphincters weakness, taking in account that rectopexy and other rectal prolapse procedure may improve anal continence. Keywords Anal incontinence, constipation, rectal prolapse, recurrence, rectopexy, laparoscopy, treatment outcomes.
L'incontinenza anale (IA), è definita come l'incapacità a controllare volontariamente l'emissione di gas e/o feci. L' IA si definisce totale se comporta la perdita di feci solide, parziale se solo di gas e feci liquide; potrà essere passiva (fecal soiling), oppure manifestarsi durante urgenza defecatoria. La gravità dell' IA si valuta con degli score. I più affidabili sono CCF score (Jorge & Wexner) da 0-20, il quale valuta anche l'impatto della IA sulla qualità di vita, il Pescatori score (1-6), AMS, Vaizey ( St. Mark's Hospital), Williams. I pazienti con IA che presentano sintomi da lievi a moderati, rispondono bene al trattamento conservativo, il trattamento chirurgico invece è riservato a quelli pazienti con IA grave. L'associazione tra prolasso rettale e IA rappresenta un entità clinica di non semplice risoluzione. Matteriali e Metodi. L'esame obiettivo ano perineale, intergrato dall'esame anoscopico sarà mirato a cercare di identificare quale struttura anatomico-funzionale è principalmente coinvolta nella patogenesi del disturbo. L'ispezione potrà evidenziare: ano beante, cicatrici, ectropion mucoso, fistole, ascessi, emorroidi, patologie uro-ginecologiche (es. cistocele, prolasso utero-genitale), l'entità del prolasso del retto, perineo discendente. L'esplorazione rettale valuterà il tono sfinteriale (in condizioni basali, durante contrazione volontaria e sotto i colpi di tosse). L'esame endoscopico valuta la presenza di malattie infiammatorie,tumori, ulcera solitaria e prolasso mucoso del retto. Le indagini morfologiche quali la manometria anale, la colpocisto-defecografia, l'eletromiografia dei muscoli del pavimento pelvico,l'endosonografia anale,vaginale e perineale dinamica, potranno rivelarsi utili nello studio di lesioni organiche colo-rettali e dell'integrità anatomica della componente sfinteriale. Trattamento chirurgico: sfinterolpastica, levatorplastica anteriore, plicatura posteriore del pavimento pelvico sec. Park's, total pelvic floor repair, iniezioni di biomateriali, procedure di "encirclement". Nelle unità di coloproctologia della Società Italiana di Chirurgia Colo-Rettale (1983-2000), sono stati osservati 738 pazienti. Quarantasette (30 donne) pazienti, (6.4%), presentavano IA associata a prolasso rettale, di questo gruppo, venticinque pazienti (53%), sono stati sottoposti a trattamento chirurgico Prolasso rettale (PR), il prolasso rettale è caratterizzato dalla fuoriuscita di vari strati della parete attraverso il canale anale. Può essere a tutto spessore (completo) o esterno, oppure occulto (interno). I sintomi più frequenti sono dolore anale, perdite ematiche, perdite mucose, urgenza defecatoria. L' incontinenza anale associata è stata dimostrata nel 50-70% dei casi, il 25-50% dei paziente invece potrebbe presentare stipsi, valutata secondo il CCF score (0-30), per la stipsi. Anamnesi accurata, esame obiettivo,valutazione di patologie genito-urinarie associate, abitudini intestinali. I pazienti vengono sottoposti ad anoscopia, colonscopia, cine-defecografia, misurazione dei tempi di latenza del nervo pudendo e tempi di transito intestinale. La manometria ano-rettale spesso risulta essere alterata. La terapia chirurgica del prolasso del retto è la cosiddetta terapia su misura (tailored surgery), tenendo in considerazione i disordini funzionali associati, in particolare se vi sia o no IA associata. Gli approcci perineali comprendono più frequentemente l'intervento secondo Delorme e Altemeier. Risultati. Nella nostra casistica Ospedale S. Eugenio (1987-2003), sedici pazienti (10 donne ) sono stati sottoposti ad intervento sec. Delorme. Il tasso di recidiva era 9% a 5 anni (range del follow-up 6-60 mesi). L'indice di soddisfazione nel postoperatorio era 73%, il 46-75% dei pazienti hanno avuto miglioramento della loro continenza. Dodici pazienti (8 donne) sono stati sottoposti ad intervento chirurgico sec. Altemeier, il tasso di recidiva era 1% (range del follow-up 6-60 mesi), sono stati raggiunti con questo tipo di tecnica ottimi risultati funzionali per incontinenza e stipsi. Nelle procedure addominali, la rettopessi secondo Orr-Loyge è stata effettuata in 25 pazienti (9 donne), il tasso di recidiva era 2,5%, (range del follow-up 8-80 mesi). La continenza è stata migliorata nel 58% dei casi, la stipsi invece nel 61% dei pazienti. Trentasei pazienti (16 donne), sono stati sottoposti a rettopessi secondo Wells, 12 pazienti hanno avuto recidiva di malattia (range del follow-up 8-80 mesi). La continenza è migliorata nel 35% dei casi, la stipsi invece è peggiorata nel 20% dei pazienti. L'approccio addominale ha dimostrato minor rischio di recidiva e migliori risultati funzionali, in termini di incontinenza anale e stipsi in confronto alle tecniche perineali. La chirurgia laparoscopica anche, dimostra essere una scelta affidabile, con ottimi risultati in termini di recidiva ed outcomes funzionali. Conclusioni La chirurgia del prolasso rettale è la tipica chirurgia su misura. Lo specialista deve considerare varie tecniche in base al tipo di paziente,( se maschio o femmina, se giovane o anziano, se sano o fragile), del rischio operatorio, delle caratteristiche del prolasso (se interno o esterno, se mucoso o totale, se piccolo oppure di grandi dimensioni), i sintomi associati, in particolare la stipsi cronica o incontinenza anale. Questa risulta essere complessa e di eziologia multifattoriale, e potrebbe essere dovuta sia a difetti anatomici, sia funzionali. In alcuni casi il trattamento chirurgico esclusivo del prolasso rettale, potrebbe non essere sufficiente, a risolvere tutti i sintomi, per qui potrebbe essere indicato associare alla prolassectomia o rettopessi una sfinteroplastica, tenendo presente che dopo rettopessi, o Altemeier, o Delorme, ci si può attendere un miglioramento della continenza. Parole chiave Incontinenza anale, stipsi, prolasso rettale, recidiva, rettopessi, laparoscopia, risultati funzionali
Spyrou, M. (2010). Chirurgia del prolasso rettale con o senza incontinenza anale associata [10.58015/spyrou-maria_phd2010-08-21].
Chirurgia del prolasso rettale con o senza incontinenza anale associata
SPYROU, MARIA
2010-08-21
Abstract
Background. Anal Incontinence (AI) is the ability to defer the call to stool to a socially acceptable time and place. Loss of control of solid feces is complete anal incontinence, whereas loss of control over flatus or liquid is partial anal incontinence, incomplete and more associated with diarrheal syndromes and fecal impaction. The most frequently used score are the CCF (0-20) score (Jorge and Wexner), which takes in account also the quality of life, and the Pescatori score (0-6), which is simple an easily understandable by the patients, AMS, Vaizey (St.Mark’s Hospital), Williams. Severe incontinence is likely to require surgery, whereas mild and moderate AI are better managed conservatively. The association between rectal prolapse and AI represent a clinical entity difficult to manage. Methods History, the most important factor is determination of the etiology, by physical examination, inspection of perineus for soiling, scars, mucosal ectropion , size of the rectal prolapse muscular deficit, fistulae, prolapsing hemorrhoids. digital exploration will allow to assess anal sphincter’s function: such as resting tone and squeeze contraction endoscopic evaluation to esclude the existence of inflammatory bowel disease, tumors, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, mucosal prolapse. Special Investigations: anal manometry, cine defecography, electromyography of the pelvic floor, rectal compliance, anal, vaginal and dynamic parineal endosonography. Surgical treatment: Park’s post anal repair, overlapping sphincteroplasty, total pelvic floor repair, encirclement procedures, injection of bulking agents. At the coloproctology units of the Italian society of Colorectal surgery, from 1983 to 2000, 738 patients were observed . Fortyseven (30 women) pts (6.4%), presented AI associated with rectal prolapse, twentyfive of those patients (53%), underwent surgical treatment. Rectal prolapse ( RP) may be full thickness, i.e. procidentia of the rectum through the sphincters, causes a variety of symptoms including pain, bleeding, mucous discharge, and urge to defecate. Associated AI, is experienced by 50% to 70% of the patients, and 25% to 50% of them have significant constipation according to CCF scoring system (0-30) for constipation. The specific causation has yet to be fully elucidated. The patients generally undergo baseline functional tests, following a detailed history and physical examination, as well as an evaluation of a comorbid history of genitourinary dysfunction and bowel habits. In addition anoscopy and full colonoscopy should be performed to exclude other sources of rectal bleeding or the presence of masses that may initiate an intussusception. Cinedefecography, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment and colonic transit studies are generally performed to better evaluate the concomitant presence of enterocele, paradoxical puborectalis contraction, pudendal nerve injury and denervation of the pelvic floor muscles and sphincter. Anorectal manometry is usually abnormal in the incontinent rectal prolapse patients. Surgical therapy of rectal prolapse is often non standard, but rather, tailored after careful consideration of the patient’s operative risk, life expectancy, associated functional disorders, and previous operative history.The goals of the surgical treatment are to eradicate the external prolapse of the rectum and to reduce the risk of recurrence, without causing an adverse impact on bowel function and continence. Perineal approaches, including Delorme’s procedure and perineal rectosigmoidectomy according to Altemeier, with or without levatorplasty (in case of incontinence) are usually carried out and may be tailored according to the presence and the degree of AI. Results Sixteen patients (10 women), at St. Eugenio Hospital (Rome) from 1987 to 2003, underwent Delorme’s procedure. Recurrence rate was 9% at 5 years (range of follow-up 6-60 months). Postoperative overall satisfaction was 73%, 46-75% of the patients experienced an improvement in continence. Twelve patients (8 women) underwent Altemeier procedure, recurrence rate was 1% with excellent results in terms of functional outcome regarding constipation and incontinence rates. Twenty five patients (9 women), underwent abdominal rectopexy according Orr-Loygue, recurrence rate at 5 years, was 2.5%, (range of follow-up 8-80 months).Continence was improved in 58% and constipation was improved in 61% of the patients. Satisfaction rate was 72%. Thirty six patients (16 women),underwent rectopexy according to Wells technique, 12 patients developed recurrence (range of follow-up 8-80 months). Continence was improved in 35%, constipation was worsened in 20% of the cases. Transabdominal open repair, has gained acceptance by most clinicians as the standard surgical procedure for patients with acceptable surgical risks, and is considered to have lower recurrence rates and better functional results than perineal approaches. In addition low recurrence rates, better functional outcome can be safely achieved using laparoscopic surgical techniques to repair full thickness rectal prolapse. Conclusion Selecting an operative approach based on clinical criteria provides satisfactory functional outcomes with regard to symptoms of constipation and incontinence. Anal incontinence is a complex dysfunction with multiple causes, and in rectal prolapse, it may be difficult to understand if it is due anatomical defect (full rectal eversion, internal and external anal sphincter and anal canal integrity in their anatomy and nerve supply) or to a functional lesion (abnormal anal and rectal sensitivity, loss of rectal reservoir function and rectal compliance). This may explain why in some cases treating just the prolapse may not be sufficient to cure all symptoms. A combination of both rectal excision or rectopexy and sphincteroplasty may be required to cure some patients with rectal prolapse and severe anal incontinence due to sphincters weakness, taking in account that rectopexy and other rectal prolapse procedure may improve anal continence. Keywords Anal incontinence, constipation, rectal prolapse, recurrence, rectopexy, laparoscopy, treatment outcomes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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