Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing has found an important niche in the forensic testing of degraded samples, hairs and in the evenience of mass disasters. Currently, most forensic mtDNA laboratories focus on sequence information within the two hypervariable regions (HVI and HVII) of >600 bases within the control region. One limitation of mtDNA testing is the low power of discrimination associated with common HVI/HVII types: for example, in the European Caucasian forensic database, there are approximately twenty common HVI/HVII types, matching about twenty-one percent of the population. We have sequenced the entire mtDNA genome of 40 Italian individuals, classified according to the different areas of origin (North, Center, South and Insulae), in order to search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region, useful for additional discrimination (in haplogroup defining) and, if any, according to the different areas. In particular, we have payed attention to SNPs which were shared, neutral and non redundant and we have checked for previous descriptions in literature. We have described 8 new polymorphisms, 4 private mutations which could reveal to be useful discriminating SNPs, a new length polymorphism in HVIII, a new insertion, a new deletion and 2 sequence heteroplasmies, previously described as simple transitions; we have identified 7 individuals, harbouring particular haplotypes, one of whom is also interesting by a medical-genetic point of view. The other bulk of variation we have found has already been described and frequencies agree with those of Caucasians: a notable variability among represented haplogroups has been detected in the South of Italy, as could be expected by the pattern of migrations. Our work has shown the enormous variability, which is typical of mtDNA, even in a small sample of individuals and has demonstrated the utility of SNPs in defining the individual haplotypes, but has also pointed out the usefulness of increasing research in better defining mtDNA-associated diseases. On the other hand, it strongly supports the need for the improvement of the forensic database for mitochondrial DNA, not only regarding the control region, but also, as Gene Bank does, regarding the coding region. This may be reached by encouraging the submission of the newly described sequences to Gene Bank, issued according to standard guidelines for high quality data, which are currently been developed, and performing the whole Genome sequencing by universal, new technologies (NGS, Next Generation Sequencing).
La tipizzazione del DNA mitocondriale (mtDNA) ha trovato un’importante nicchia nell’analisi forense dei campioni degradati, dei capelli ed al verificarsi dei disastri di massa. Attualmente la maggior parte dei laboratori forensi, che si occupano di mtDNA, si focalizzano sull’informazione che deriva dal sequenziamento delle due regioni ipervariabili (HVI ed HVII), dell’estensione di oltre 600 paia di basi, poste all’interno della Regione di Controllo. Una limitazione dell’analisi del DNA mitocondriale è rappresentata dal basso potere di discriminazione associato ai tipi comuni HVI/HVII: ad esempio nel database forense relativo ai Caucasici Europei ci sono circa 20 tipi comuni HVI/HVII, condivisi da circa il 21% della popolazione ivi rappresentata. Abbiamo sequenziato l’intero genoma mitocondriale di 40 individui Italiani, suddivisi in base alle differenti aree di provenienza (Nord, Centro, Sud ed Isole) al fine di individuare polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (SNPs), all’interno della Regione Codificante, utili per una ulteriore discriminazione (nella definizione degli aplogruppi) e, se presente, in relazione alle differenti aree. Abbiamo posto particolare attenzione ai siti condivisi, neutrali e non ridondanti ed abbiamo verificato il riscontro in letteratura. Abbiamo descritto 8 nuovi polimorfismi, 4 mutazioni private che potenzialmente potrebbero essere dei siti discriminanti, un nuovo polimorfismo di lunghezza in HVIII, una nuova inserzione, una nuova delezione e 2 eteroplasmie di sequenza, in precedenza descritte come semplici transizioni; abbiamo individuato 7 individui, caratterizzati da altrettanti aplogruppi particolari, uno dei quali è anche interessante da un punto di vista genetico-medico. La rimanente quantità di variazione individuata è già stata descritta in letteratura e le frequenze concordano con quelle dei Caucasici: una notevole varietà tra gli aplogruppi rappresentati è stata osservata nel Sud Italia, come atteso dal pattern dei flussi migratori. Il nostro lavoro ha mostrato l’enorme variabilità, peraltro insita nel DNA mitocondriale, perfino in un piccolo campione di individui ed ha dimostrato l’utilità degli SNPs nella definizione degli aplotipi individuali, ma nel contempo ha sottolineato l’utilità di potenziare la ricerca nella migliore definizione delle malattie associate al DNA mitocondriale. Dall’altro lato, sostiene fortemente la necessità di migliorare il database forense per il DNA mitocondriale, non soltanto relativamente alla regione di controllo ma anche, come in Gene Bank, relativamente a quella codificante. Questo potrà essere ottenuto incoraggiando l’inserimento delle nuove sequenze prodotte in Gene Bank, ottenute in base alle linee guida standard per l’alta qualità dei dati, che attualmente sono in via di definizione, ed eseguendo il sequenziamento dell’intero genoma mediante tecnologie universali ed innovative (NGS, Next Generation Sequences o tecnologie di Sequenziamento di Prossima Generazione).
Barilaro, M.r. (2010). Polimorfismi del DNA mitocondriale: implicazioni analitiche e forensi [10.58015/barilaro-maria-rosa_phd2010-08-05].
Polimorfismi del DNA mitocondriale: implicazioni analitiche e forensi
BARILARO, MARIA ROSA
2010-08-05
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing has found an important niche in the forensic testing of degraded samples, hairs and in the evenience of mass disasters. Currently, most forensic mtDNA laboratories focus on sequence information within the two hypervariable regions (HVI and HVII) of >600 bases within the control region. One limitation of mtDNA testing is the low power of discrimination associated with common HVI/HVII types: for example, in the European Caucasian forensic database, there are approximately twenty common HVI/HVII types, matching about twenty-one percent of the population. We have sequenced the entire mtDNA genome of 40 Italian individuals, classified according to the different areas of origin (North, Center, South and Insulae), in order to search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region, useful for additional discrimination (in haplogroup defining) and, if any, according to the different areas. In particular, we have payed attention to SNPs which were shared, neutral and non redundant and we have checked for previous descriptions in literature. We have described 8 new polymorphisms, 4 private mutations which could reveal to be useful discriminating SNPs, a new length polymorphism in HVIII, a new insertion, a new deletion and 2 sequence heteroplasmies, previously described as simple transitions; we have identified 7 individuals, harbouring particular haplotypes, one of whom is also interesting by a medical-genetic point of view. The other bulk of variation we have found has already been described and frequencies agree with those of Caucasians: a notable variability among represented haplogroups has been detected in the South of Italy, as could be expected by the pattern of migrations. Our work has shown the enormous variability, which is typical of mtDNA, even in a small sample of individuals and has demonstrated the utility of SNPs in defining the individual haplotypes, but has also pointed out the usefulness of increasing research in better defining mtDNA-associated diseases. On the other hand, it strongly supports the need for the improvement of the forensic database for mitochondrial DNA, not only regarding the control region, but also, as Gene Bank does, regarding the coding region. This may be reached by encouraging the submission of the newly described sequences to Gene Bank, issued according to standard guidelines for high quality data, which are currently been developed, and performing the whole Genome sequencing by universal, new technologies (NGS, Next Generation Sequencing).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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