Mammal females that fast throughout lactation are called “capital breeders” while, on the contrary, lactating females that continue to forage from the parturition to the pups’ weaning are indicated as “income breeders”. The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the southernmost Antarctic pinniped, has been considered an extreme capital breeder species for long time, but the most recent studies on its diving behaviour and feeding habits raised many doubts with regard to the validity of this strict categorization. Also, it was unclear if Weddell seal lactating pups begin to forage during lactation and what is their adaptive strategy to complete the transition from maternal milk to independent foraging. Even if Weddell seal diving behaviour has been studied for a long time in Antarctica, above all in the McMurdo Sound, one aspect received less attention than others: the diving skill development in pups during lactation (from birth until about 6 weeks of life) along with the associate behaviour of lactating females and the ontogeny of their diet. This work tried to shed light on this crucial phase for the newborn survival and on the maternal strategies during lactation and it offers a complementary sight of the mum diving behaviour with that of their own pups. Biochemical data of lactating females, their dependent pups, milk and prey items from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis were compared with data from Time Depth Recorders deployed on 16 mums and 8 pups, between the second and the third day after parturition; moreover diving data were analyzed applying a traditional approach, in which the dive profile shapes are previously fixed by the software in number and pattern (MT-Dive, Jensen Software Systems) in comparison with an unsupervised artificial neural network, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). Results showed that the associated diving behaviour during lactation reflects a high intra-specific variability (time in water, number of dives, max depth, duration, profile shapes); but while the traditional approach seems to suggest a clear foraging activity both in mums and pups (U-shape dives – traditionally linked with foraging activity - were predominant along the lactation and early weaning), SOMs produced an opposite result. Larger SOMs, which can be regarded as non linear ordinations, provided a much more faded transition from V-shape to U-shape, while smaller SOMs, which act as non hierarchical classifiers, practically did not find any U-shaped dive cluster. Analyses of the time spent in water indicated a very close association between mums and their own pups but also a wide range of the underwater space use by the mums when they leave the pups alone; results showed trophic resource exploitation strategies varying appreciably from an individual to another letting understand that the maternal strategy of the lactating females is not unique and ranges from capital to income breeding. Stable isotopes analysis suggested that pups do not forage independently in a relevant and detectable manner during lactation but this methodology was not able to indicate the exact moment in which the transition to the independent foraging occurs as well as to clearly detect the passages from a nutritional status to another in the mums. Data at a higher resolution could arrive from the isotopic analysis of the plasma aqueous fraction that this study explored for the first time.
Le femmine di mammifero che digiunano durante l’allattamento sono chiamate “capital breeders” mentre, al contrario, le femmine che allattano e che continuano a nutrirsi dal parto fino allo svezzamento dei cuccioli sono indicate come “income breeders”. La foca di Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii), il pinnipede antartico più meridionale, è stata considerata per molto tempo una specie “capital breeder” estrema, ma i più recenti studi sul suo comportamento di immersione e sulle sue abitudini alimentari sollevano molti dubbi sulla validità di questa stringente categorizzazione. Inoltre non è chiaro se i cuccioli della foca di Weddell comincino a foraggiare già durante l’allattamento e quale sia la loro strategia adattativa per completare la transizione dal latte materno al foraggiamento indipendente. Anche se il comportamento di immersione della foca di Weddell è stato studiato per molto tempo in Antartide, soprattutto a McMurdo Sound, un aspetto ha ricevuto meno attenzione di altri: lo sviluppo delle capacità di immersione nei cuccioli durante l’allattamento (dalla nascita fino a circa 6 settimane di vita) insieme al comportamento associato delle femmine che allattano e l’ontogenesi della loro dieta. Questo lavoro ha provato a fare luce su questa fase cruciale per la sopravvivenza dei neonati e sulle strategie materne durante l’allattamento e offre una visione complementare del comportamento di immersione delle mamme con quello dei loro propri cuccioli. I dati biochimici delle femmine in allattamento, dei loro cuccioli, del latte e delle prede ottenuti dalle analisi degli isotopi stabili di carbonio e azoto sono stati comparati con quelli derivati dai Time Depth Recorders applicati su 16 mamme e 8 cuccioli tra il secondo e il terzo giorno dopo il parto; inoltre, i dati delle immersioni sono stati analizzati applicando un approccio tradizionale, nel quale le forme dei profili di immersione sono preventivamente fissati dal software in numero e modello (MT-Dive, Jensen Software Systems), in comparazione con una rete neurale artificiale “unsupervised”, la Self-Organizing Map (SOM). I risultati mostrano che il comportamento associato di immersione durante l’allattamento (tempo in acqua, numero di immersioni, massima profondità, durata, forme del profilo) riflette una alta variabilità intra-specifica; ma mentre l’approccio tradizionale sembra suggerire una chiara attività di foraggiamento sia nelle mamme che nei cuccioli (le immersioni con forma a U – tradizionalmente collegate con l’attività di foraggiamento – erano predominanti lungo tutto l’allattamento e la prima parte dello svezzamento), le SOMs hanno prodotto un risultato opposto. Le SOMs più grandi, che possono essere considerate come ordinamenti non lineari, hanno fornito una transizione molto più sfumata dalla forma a V alla forma a U, mentre le SOMs più piccole, che si comportano come classificatori non gerarchici, praticamente non hanno rilevato nessun cluster con forme a U. Le analisi del tempo passato in acqua hanno indicato una associazione molto stretta tra le mamme e i loro propri cuccioli ma anche un ampio range dell’uso dello spazio subacqueo da parte delle mamme quando lasciano i loro cuccioli da soli; i risultati mostrano strategie di sfruttamento delle risorse trofiche che variano apprezzabilmente da un individuo ad un altro, lasciando intendere che la strategia materna delle femmine in allattamento non è unica e varia da capital a income breeding. L’analisi degli isotopi stabili ha suggerito che i cuccioli non foraggiano indipendentemente in maniera rilevante e individuabile durante l’allattamento, ma questa metodologia non è stata in grado di indicare il momento esatto in cui avviene la transizione al foraggiamento indipendente così come di individuare chiaramente il passaggio da uno stato nutrizionale a un altro nelle mamme. Dati a una più alta risoluzione potrebbero arrivare dall’analisi isotopica della frazione acquosa del plasma che questo studio ha esplorato per la prima volta.
Palozzi, R. (2010). The Ontogeny of foraging in Weddell seal pups and dietary behaviour in lactating females.
The Ontogeny of foraging in Weddell seal pups and dietary behaviour in lactating females
PALOZZI, ROBERTO
2010-08-02
Abstract
Mammal females that fast throughout lactation are called “capital breeders” while, on the contrary, lactating females that continue to forage from the parturition to the pups’ weaning are indicated as “income breeders”. The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the southernmost Antarctic pinniped, has been considered an extreme capital breeder species for long time, but the most recent studies on its diving behaviour and feeding habits raised many doubts with regard to the validity of this strict categorization. Also, it was unclear if Weddell seal lactating pups begin to forage during lactation and what is their adaptive strategy to complete the transition from maternal milk to independent foraging. Even if Weddell seal diving behaviour has been studied for a long time in Antarctica, above all in the McMurdo Sound, one aspect received less attention than others: the diving skill development in pups during lactation (from birth until about 6 weeks of life) along with the associate behaviour of lactating females and the ontogeny of their diet. This work tried to shed light on this crucial phase for the newborn survival and on the maternal strategies during lactation and it offers a complementary sight of the mum diving behaviour with that of their own pups. Biochemical data of lactating females, their dependent pups, milk and prey items from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes analysis were compared with data from Time Depth Recorders deployed on 16 mums and 8 pups, between the second and the third day after parturition; moreover diving data were analyzed applying a traditional approach, in which the dive profile shapes are previously fixed by the software in number and pattern (MT-Dive, Jensen Software Systems) in comparison with an unsupervised artificial neural network, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). Results showed that the associated diving behaviour during lactation reflects a high intra-specific variability (time in water, number of dives, max depth, duration, profile shapes); but while the traditional approach seems to suggest a clear foraging activity both in mums and pups (U-shape dives – traditionally linked with foraging activity - were predominant along the lactation and early weaning), SOMs produced an opposite result. Larger SOMs, which can be regarded as non linear ordinations, provided a much more faded transition from V-shape to U-shape, while smaller SOMs, which act as non hierarchical classifiers, practically did not find any U-shaped dive cluster. Analyses of the time spent in water indicated a very close association between mums and their own pups but also a wide range of the underwater space use by the mums when they leave the pups alone; results showed trophic resource exploitation strategies varying appreciably from an individual to another letting understand that the maternal strategy of the lactating females is not unique and ranges from capital to income breeding. Stable isotopes analysis suggested that pups do not forage independently in a relevant and detectable manner during lactation but this methodology was not able to indicate the exact moment in which the transition to the independent foraging occurs as well as to clearly detect the passages from a nutritional status to another in the mums. Data at a higher resolution could arrive from the isotopic analysis of the plasma aqueous fraction that this study explored for the first time.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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