The main purpose of this thesis was to study the energy cost of various forms of human locomotion, in several experimental conditions specifically forms of locomotion, and experimental conditions, were: I. continuous and intermittent linear and shuttle running; II. intermittent shuttle running with normal or fast changes of direction, and the effects of 5 weeks of training, on the energy cost of the linear or shuttle intermittent running; III. linear and shuttle intermittent running of professional soccer players before and after a training period; IV. yo-yo endurance test and the energy cost of running on line of professional soccer players (Category: Serie A, Primavera, C1) before and after six months of training competition; V. linear and shuttle running: the difference between professional soccer players and amateur marathoners of good level; VI. walking on flat terrain and uphill of male and female physically active subjects, and the effects of training on the energy cost of horizontal surface or uphill walking; VII. Paddling of the kayakers and canoeists (Canadian canoe) belonging to National Junior Canoeing Kayak. Main results: 1. the energy cost of intermittent shuttle running can be univocally interpolated uniquely by a function taking into account the kinetic energy that, in the continue run, of course, is zero, but in the intermittent shuttle run varies depending on distance and speed (R2 0,970); 2. after 5 weeks of intermittent shuttle running training, the corresponding energy cost over 18.5 m or 8.5 m increased by 6,10% P< 0,002 and 14,15% P<0,05, and that of linear running on the treadmill by 7,06% P< 0,003; 3. in soccer players, after a training period of 2 or 6 months, the energy cost of linear running at 13.5 km/h on the treadmill increased (i.e. became worse) significantly in all teams (Series A , spring, C1 ; by 6,23% (P< 0,01) and 13,81% ( P< 0,0001); 4. V'O2maxmeasured in the yo-yo endurance test is not correlated with the distance covered nor with estimated V'O2max value (R2 0,264 e R2 0,263); nor is the percentage improvement V’O2max correlated with the corresponding distance increase (R2 0,010); 5. the energy cost of shuttle running is higher in marathoners than in to soccer players probably because in the former case shuttle running is not specific to the practiced discipline and therefore more expensive (8,8% P< 0,01); 6. the energy cost of walking on the level or uphill treadmill is greater in males than in females (on flat terrain at 4, 5, 6 km/h by 16, 9.6and 7.4%; at 5 km/h on a 5, 10, 15 %incline by 14.3, 16.2 and 13.9 % respectively); 7. in high level kayakers and canoeists individual best performances achieved in practice were correlated with those theoretically calculated. In turn, these were obtained from the individual relationships Ėr=f(t) and Ėmax=f(t), where Ėr is the metabolic power required to cover the distance in question and Ėmax the maximal metabolic power. The time yielding Ėr=Ėmax was assumed to yield the best performance time. Individual theoretical best times and speeds were essentially equal to those measured during actual competitions(R2 0,917).
Lo scopo principale della tesi di dottorato è stato quello di studiare il costo energetico di varie forme di locomozione umana in diverse condizioni sperimentali. Nella fattispecie, le forme di locomozione e le condizioni sperimentali studiate, sono state: I. la corsa in linea ed a navetta, con metodica continua ed intermittente; II. la corsa a navetta intermittente con cambi di senso normali o rapidi, e gli effetti di 5 settimane di allenamento, sul costo energetico della corsa in linea ed a navetta intermittente; III. la corsa in linea ed a navetta intermittente in calciatori professionisti prima e dopo un periodo di allenamento; IV. lo yo-yo endurance test ed il costo energetico della corsa in linea in calciatori professionisti (serie C1) prima dopo sei mesi di allenamento e gare; V. la corsa in linea ed a navetta : differenza tra calciatori professionisti e maratoneti amatori di buon livello; VI. il cammino in piano ed in salita, di soggetti, maschi e femmine, fisicamente attivi e gli effetti dell’allenamento sul costo energetico del cammino in piano ed in salita; VII. la pagayata di kayakers e canoisti (canoa canadese) appartenenti alla nazionale juniores di canoa kayak . Risultati principali: 1. il costo energetico della corsa a navetta intermittente può essere interpolata in modo univoco da una funzione che tenga conto dell’energia cinetica, che nella corsa continua, ovviamente , è nulla, mentre nella corsa intermittente a navetta varia in funzione della distanza e velocità (R2 0,970); 2. dopo 5 settimane di allenamento di corsa a navetta intermittente è migliorato il costo energetico sia della corsa a navetta su 18,5m e su 8,5m (6,10% P< 0,002 e 14,15% P<0,05), che della corsa in linea sul nastro trasportatore (7,06% P< 0,003); 3. nei calciatori dopo un periodo di allenamento di 2 o 6 mesi il costo energetico della corsa in linea, a 13,5 km/h sul nastro, peggiora in maniera significativa in tutti in tutte le squadre valutate (serie A, primavera, C1)(6,23% P< 0,01e 13,81% P< 0,0001); 4. il V’O2max misurato nello yo-yo endurance non è correlato con la distanza percorsa e con quello stimato (R2 0,264 e R2 0,263), e la percentuale di miglioramento del V’O2max misurato non è correlata con quella della distanza percorsa (R2 0,010); 5. il costo energetico della corsa a navetta è maggiore nei maratoneti rispetto ai calciatori presumibilmente perché il gesto non è specifico della disciplina praticata e quindi più dispendioso (8,8% P< 0,01). 6. il costo energetico del cammino in piano ed in salita è maggiore nei maschi rispetto alle femmine (in piano 4, 5, 6 km/h 0% + 16, 9.6 e 7.4% in salita a 5 km/h a pendenza del 5, 10, 15% + 14.3, 16.2, 13.9%) . 7. in kayakers e canoisti (canoa canadese) di alto livello abbiamo correlato la prestazione migliore realizzata in gara con quella calcolata teoricamente. Quest’ultima è stata ottenuta dalla relazione individuale tra Ėr = f (t) ed Ėmax = f (t), dove Ėr è la potenza metabolica richiesta per coprire la distanza in questione ed Ėmax è la massima potenza metabolica. Il tempo t per cui Ėr = Ėmax è stato assunto come il tempo teorico migliore sulla distanza considerata. Tempi e velocità teoriche individuali sono stati essenzialmente uguali a quelle misurate nelle recenti competizioni (R2 0,917).
Buglione, A. (2010). Il costo energetico di varie forme di locomozione umana : implicazioni teoriche e pratiche.
Il costo energetico di varie forme di locomozione umana : implicazioni teoriche e pratiche
BUGLIONE, ANTONIO
2010-05-06
Abstract
The main purpose of this thesis was to study the energy cost of various forms of human locomotion, in several experimental conditions specifically forms of locomotion, and experimental conditions, were: I. continuous and intermittent linear and shuttle running; II. intermittent shuttle running with normal or fast changes of direction, and the effects of 5 weeks of training, on the energy cost of the linear or shuttle intermittent running; III. linear and shuttle intermittent running of professional soccer players before and after a training period; IV. yo-yo endurance test and the energy cost of running on line of professional soccer players (Category: Serie A, Primavera, C1) before and after six months of training competition; V. linear and shuttle running: the difference between professional soccer players and amateur marathoners of good level; VI. walking on flat terrain and uphill of male and female physically active subjects, and the effects of training on the energy cost of horizontal surface or uphill walking; VII. Paddling of the kayakers and canoeists (Canadian canoe) belonging to National Junior Canoeing Kayak. Main results: 1. the energy cost of intermittent shuttle running can be univocally interpolated uniquely by a function taking into account the kinetic energy that, in the continue run, of course, is zero, but in the intermittent shuttle run varies depending on distance and speed (R2 0,970); 2. after 5 weeks of intermittent shuttle running training, the corresponding energy cost over 18.5 m or 8.5 m increased by 6,10% P< 0,002 and 14,15% P<0,05, and that of linear running on the treadmill by 7,06% P< 0,003; 3. in soccer players, after a training period of 2 or 6 months, the energy cost of linear running at 13.5 km/h on the treadmill increased (i.e. became worse) significantly in all teams (Series A , spring, C1 ; by 6,23% (P< 0,01) and 13,81% ( P< 0,0001); 4. V'O2maxmeasured in the yo-yo endurance test is not correlated with the distance covered nor with estimated V'O2max value (R2 0,264 e R2 0,263); nor is the percentage improvement V’O2max correlated with the corresponding distance increase (R2 0,010); 5. the energy cost of shuttle running is higher in marathoners than in to soccer players probably because in the former case shuttle running is not specific to the practiced discipline and therefore more expensive (8,8% P< 0,01); 6. the energy cost of walking on the level or uphill treadmill is greater in males than in females (on flat terrain at 4, 5, 6 km/h by 16, 9.6and 7.4%; at 5 km/h on a 5, 10, 15 %incline by 14.3, 16.2 and 13.9 % respectively); 7. in high level kayakers and canoeists individual best performances achieved in practice were correlated with those theoretically calculated. In turn, these were obtained from the individual relationships Ėr=f(t) and Ėmax=f(t), where Ėr is the metabolic power required to cover the distance in question and Ėmax the maximal metabolic power. The time yielding Ėr=Ėmax was assumed to yield the best performance time. Individual theoretical best times and speeds were essentially equal to those measured during actual competitions(R2 0,917).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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