The mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate, ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) has been crystallized in complex with its specific inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR). The protein is composed by a six trans-membrane helix bundle, defining the nucleotide translocation pathway, that is closed towards the matrix side due to sharp kinks in the odd-numbered helices. The role of the protein is to import ADP in the mitochondrial matrix and export ATP in the cytosol. Several disease have been associated to a malfunctioning of the protein. To better understand the structural/dynamical properties of the carrier, two different computational experiments have been performed, in order to understand both the translocation mechanism and the role of known pathological mutations. In a first experiment Molecular Dynamics simulations of the wild type bovine ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier, and of the single Ala113Pro and double Ala113Pro/Val180Met mutants, embedded in a lipid bilayer, have been carried out for 20 ns to shed a light on the structural-dynamical changes induced by the Val180Met mutation restoring the carrier function in the Ala113Pro pathologic mutant. Principal component analysis indicates that, for the three systems, the protein dynamics is mainly characterized by the motion of the matrix loops and of the odd-numbered helices having a conserved proline in their central region. Analysis of the motions shows a different behaviour of single pathological mutant with respect of the other two systems. The single mutation induces a regularization and rigidity of the H3 helix, lost upon the introduction of the second mutation. This is directly correlated to the salt bridge distribution involving residues: Arg79, Asp134, Arg234; hypothesized to interact with the substrate. In fact, in the wild type simulation two stable inter-helices salt bridges, crucial for substrate binding, are present almost over all the simulation time. In line with the impaired ADP transport, one salt interaction is completely lost in the single mutant trajectory but reappears in the double mutant simulation, where a salt bridge network, as observed in the wild type, is restored. This causes a wrong assembly of the geometry of the binding site, explaining the impaired transport of the single mutant. Further, we describe the interaction between the matrix side of the AAC transporter and the ATP molecule using classical molecular dynamics simulation (MD) and protein-ligand docking procedure. From the 20 ns MD trajectory of the wild type protein, 15 structures have been extracted through clustering analysis and for each carrier conformation 50 docking runs have been carried out for a total of 750 (MD-docking). The results have been compared with 750 docking runs performed on the X-ray structure (X-docking). The docking procedure shows the presence of a single interaction site in the X-ray structure that is conserved in the structures extracted from the MD trajectory. MD-docking shows the presence of a second binding site, not found in the X-docking. The interaction strategy between the AAC transporter and the ATP molecule has been analyzed investigating the composition and 3D arrangement of the interaction pockets, together with the orientations of the substrate into them. A relationship between sequence repeats and the ATP binding sites in the AAC carrier structure is proposed.
Il carrier mitocondriale ADP/ATP (AAC) è stato cristallizato in complesso con il suo inibitore carboxyatractyloside (CATR). La proteina è composta da un fascio di sei eliche trans membrana che forma un canale all'interno della membrane mitocondriale interna che si presenta chiuso verso il lato matriciale ed aperto verso lo spazio intermembrana, conformazione dovuta alla presenza di una prolina sulle eliche dispari che forma una piegatura dell' elica. Il ruolo di questa proteina è di importare ADP nella matrice mitocondriale ed esportare ATP nel citosol. L' insorgenza di alcune patologie è stata associata ad un malfunzionamento di questa proteina. Al fine di capire meglio le proprietà dinamico/strutturali del trasportatore sono stati eseguiti due diversi esperimenti computazionali, per analizzare sia il meccanismo di trasporto che il ruolo di determinate mutazioni patologiche. In un primo esperimento sono state condotte tre simulazioni di Dinamica Molecolare di 20 ns della protein wild type, del mutante patologico Ala113Pro e del doppio mutante Ala113Pro/Val180Met immerse in un doppio strato lipidico, al fine di capire il ruolo della seconda mutazione Val180Met capace di restaurare il corretto funzionamento del mutante Ala113Pro . L' analisi delle componenti principali ha evidenziato per i tre sistemi che il moto della proteina è caratterizzato dal movimento dei loops matriciali e delle eliche dispari che presentano una proline conservata nella regione centrale dell 'elica. L' analisi del moto mostra un comportamento diverso del singolo mutante rispetto a wild type e doppio mutante. La singola mutazione induce una regolarizzazione dellâ elica H3, che viene persa in seguito allâ introduzione della seconda mutazione. Questo è direttamente correlato alla distribuzione della rete di ponti salini che coinvolge i residui Arg79, Asp134, Arg234 coinvolti nellâ 'interazione con il substrato. Infatti, nella simulazione del wild type sono visibili due ponti salini stabili lungo tutta la dinamica e cruciali per il legame con il substrato, Arg79:Asp134 e Arg234:Asp134. Uno di questi ponti salini è perso nella dinamica del singolo mutante e viene ristabilito nella dinamica del doppio mutante, che si comporta come il wild type. Questo causa nel singolo mutante un errato assetto del sito di legame dellâ 'ADP, spiegando il malfunzionamento del carrier. Inoltre, abbiamo descritto le interazioni tra il lato matriciale del trasportatore e il substrato ATP attraverso l' utilizzo di simulazioni di dinamica molecolare classica e docking proteina-ligando. Dalla dinamica molecolare di 20 ns del wild type sono state estratte 15 strutture rappresentative della proteina attraverso il clustering, e per ognuna di queste strutture sono state effettuate 50 runs di docking, per un totale di 750 (MD-docking) i risultati sono stati analizzati in comparazione con quelli ottenuti dalle 750 runs di docking effettuate sulla struttura X-Ray (X-docking). L' analisi mostra la presenza di un unico sito di interazione sulla struttura X-Ray, mantenuto anche nelle strutture estratte dalla dinamica. L' MD-docking mostra la presenza di un secondo sito di legame, non presente nell' X-docking. Il meccanismo di interazione tra la proteina e il substrato ATP è stato studiato analizzando la composizione e l' arrangiamento 3D delle 2 tasche di interazione individuate, e l' orientazione del substrato allâ interno di esse. E' stata quindi proposta una relazione diretta tra la struttura tripartite del carrier e la presenza di più siti di legame per l' ATP.
DI MARINO, D. (2010). Molecular dynamics and docking simulations of the ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier: structural-dynamical insights for the inactivation of pathological mutants and detection of potential ATP binding sites [10.58015/di-marino-daniele_phd2010-01-13].
Molecular dynamics and docking simulations of the ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier: structural-dynamical insights for the inactivation of pathological mutants and detection of potential ATP binding sites
DI MARINO, DANIELE
2010-01-13
Abstract
The mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate, ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) has been crystallized in complex with its specific inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR). The protein is composed by a six trans-membrane helix bundle, defining the nucleotide translocation pathway, that is closed towards the matrix side due to sharp kinks in the odd-numbered helices. The role of the protein is to import ADP in the mitochondrial matrix and export ATP in the cytosol. Several disease have been associated to a malfunctioning of the protein. To better understand the structural/dynamical properties of the carrier, two different computational experiments have been performed, in order to understand both the translocation mechanism and the role of known pathological mutations. In a first experiment Molecular Dynamics simulations of the wild type bovine ADP/ATP mitochondrial carrier, and of the single Ala113Pro and double Ala113Pro/Val180Met mutants, embedded in a lipid bilayer, have been carried out for 20 ns to shed a light on the structural-dynamical changes induced by the Val180Met mutation restoring the carrier function in the Ala113Pro pathologic mutant. Principal component analysis indicates that, for the three systems, the protein dynamics is mainly characterized by the motion of the matrix loops and of the odd-numbered helices having a conserved proline in their central region. Analysis of the motions shows a different behaviour of single pathological mutant with respect of the other two systems. The single mutation induces a regularization and rigidity of the H3 helix, lost upon the introduction of the second mutation. This is directly correlated to the salt bridge distribution involving residues: Arg79, Asp134, Arg234; hypothesized to interact with the substrate. In fact, in the wild type simulation two stable inter-helices salt bridges, crucial for substrate binding, are present almost over all the simulation time. In line with the impaired ADP transport, one salt interaction is completely lost in the single mutant trajectory but reappears in the double mutant simulation, where a salt bridge network, as observed in the wild type, is restored. This causes a wrong assembly of the geometry of the binding site, explaining the impaired transport of the single mutant. Further, we describe the interaction between the matrix side of the AAC transporter and the ATP molecule using classical molecular dynamics simulation (MD) and protein-ligand docking procedure. From the 20 ns MD trajectory of the wild type protein, 15 structures have been extracted through clustering analysis and for each carrier conformation 50 docking runs have been carried out for a total of 750 (MD-docking). The results have been compared with 750 docking runs performed on the X-ray structure (X-docking). The docking procedure shows the presence of a single interaction site in the X-ray structure that is conserved in the structures extracted from the MD trajectory. MD-docking shows the presence of a second binding site, not found in the X-docking. The interaction strategy between the AAC transporter and the ATP molecule has been analyzed investigating the composition and 3D arrangement of the interaction pockets, together with the orientations of the substrate into them. A relationship between sequence repeats and the ATP binding sites in the AAC carrier structure is proposed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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