While most authors and ministerial committees, established in recent decades to reform the penal code, have found in the wide discretionary power of the judge over criminal sentencing the main reason of the penalties ineffectiveness of Italian system, the research, developed in this dissertation, through also a comparative analysis, has identified two legal basis of the current crisis of the punishment ‘s certainty and of the excessive gap between penalty and punishment in abstract and in concrete. The first reason consists in the inadequacy of statutory penalties, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The structure of the Italian penal system, based only on custodial sanctions, seems nowadays, in fact, anachronistic and contrary to current trends in modern criminal justice systems, also promoted by the international scientific community to avoid the negative and counterproductive effects of imprisonment, especially if short-lived. From a quantitative point of view, moreover, the minimum and maximum of statutory penalties, are often so disproportionate compared to the abstract value of the offense, that the court is constrained to a role of the substitute of the legislator to adjust the legal determination of the statutory penalties to the constitutional principles of equality, rehabilitation and proportion, as he is now constantly required by the Constitutional Court. The second reason, however, lies in the overgrowth of the circumstances of the offense, as a result of the many legislative reforms that have distorted the overall discipline and character, changing their original function as legal causes of statutory penalties’ amendment, designed specifically to restrict judicial discretionary sentencing power. Emblematic it appears the story of the legislation against persistent offenders, which, despite having been recently reformed by the legislature in a particularly repressive sense, on the example of other European legal systems and of North-American laws of the "three strikes", maintaining it’s legal aggravating circumstance nature of the offense, has paradoxically produced an extension of the discretionary sentencing power of the judge, making even less effective the repressive response. The recent reform of the sanctions made by the l. 251 of 2005, therefore, is criticized because, despite the symbolic repressive value who wanted to give, has not really affected the foundation of this institution of recidivism, leaving its application to the court’s decision, without trying other solutions of criminal-political nature, as part of a more differentiated system of penalties, both by type of crime and perpetrators, that is, in itself, therefore, incompatible with a recidivism’s discipline based solely on increasing the penalty in the abstract, without distinction of seriousness of the current and previous offence(s) and of the time of previous offence (so called “wash-out period”).
Nonostante la maggior parte degli interpreti e delle Commissioni ministeriali istituite negli ultimi decenni per riformare il codice penale abbiano rintracciato nell’eccessivo potere discrezionale del giudice nella commisurazione della pena la principale ragione dell’ineffettività del sistema sanzionatorio italiano, la ricerca sviluppata in questa tesi, anche a livello comparatistico, ha invece individuato due diverse ragioni di tipo tecnico giuridico alla base della crisi della certezza della pena e dell’eccessivo divario tra pena in astratto e pena in concreto. La prima consiste nell’inadeguatezza delle pene edittali, sia a livello qualitativo che quantitativo. La struttura carcerocentrica del sistema punitivo italiano sembra, infatti, ormai anacronistica e contrastante con le attuali tendenze dei più moderni sistemi penali, promosse anche dalla comunità scientifica internazionale, per evitare gli effetti negativi e controproducenti della pena detentiva, soprattutto se di breve durata. Dal punto di vista quantitativo, inoltre, il minimo ed il massimo edittale, sono spesso così sproporzionati rispetto all’attuale disvalore astratto del reato, che il giudice è costretto ad un ruolo di supplenza per adeguare la determinazione legale della pena ai principi costituzionali di uguaglianza, rieducazione e proporzione, così come gli viene ormai costantemente richiesto anche dalla stessa Corte Costituzionale. La seconda causa, invece, risiede nell’abuso e nell’ipertrofia del sistema delle circostanze del reato che, a seguito delle numerose novelle riformatrici che ne hanno stravolto complessivamente la disciplina e la fisionomia, hanno mutato la loro originaria funzione di cause di modificazione legale della pena, finalizzate appunto a restringere la discrezionalità commisurativa giudiziale. Emblematica perciò appare la vicenda normativa dell’istituto della recidiva, che, pur essendo stata riformata di recente dal legislatore in senso particolarmente repressivo, sull’esempio di altri ordinamenti europei e delle leggi americane dei “three strikes”, avendo mantenuto la sua veste giuridica di circostanza aggravante del reato ha comportato paradossalmente un ampliamento del potere discrezionale del giudice, rendendo di fatto ancor meno effettiva la risposta sanzionatoria. La recente riforma del sistema sanzionatorio operata dalla l. del 251 del 2005, viene perciò criticata perché, al di là del valore repressivo simbolico che ha voluto attribuire alla recidiva, non ha realmente inciso sul fondamento di questo istituto lasciando quindi sempre ai giudici la decisione sulla sua applicabilità concreta, senza tentare altre soluzioni politico criminali, nel quadro di un sistema sanzionatorio maggiormente differenziato, sia per tipologia di reati che di autori, di per sé dunque incompatibile con una recidiva fondata sul solo innalzamento della pena in astratto, in senso ancora generico e perpetuo.
Rocchi, F. (2009). La risposta sanzionatoria e il potere discrezionale del giudice: con particolare riferimento al ruolo e al significato della recidiva nella teoria della pena [10.58015/rocchi-francesca_phd2009-09-02].
La risposta sanzionatoria e il potere discrezionale del giudice: con particolare riferimento al ruolo e al significato della recidiva nella teoria della pena
ROCCHI, FRANCESCA
2009-09-02
Abstract
While most authors and ministerial committees, established in recent decades to reform the penal code, have found in the wide discretionary power of the judge over criminal sentencing the main reason of the penalties ineffectiveness of Italian system, the research, developed in this dissertation, through also a comparative analysis, has identified two legal basis of the current crisis of the punishment ‘s certainty and of the excessive gap between penalty and punishment in abstract and in concrete. The first reason consists in the inadequacy of statutory penalties, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The structure of the Italian penal system, based only on custodial sanctions, seems nowadays, in fact, anachronistic and contrary to current trends in modern criminal justice systems, also promoted by the international scientific community to avoid the negative and counterproductive effects of imprisonment, especially if short-lived. From a quantitative point of view, moreover, the minimum and maximum of statutory penalties, are often so disproportionate compared to the abstract value of the offense, that the court is constrained to a role of the substitute of the legislator to adjust the legal determination of the statutory penalties to the constitutional principles of equality, rehabilitation and proportion, as he is now constantly required by the Constitutional Court. The second reason, however, lies in the overgrowth of the circumstances of the offense, as a result of the many legislative reforms that have distorted the overall discipline and character, changing their original function as legal causes of statutory penalties’ amendment, designed specifically to restrict judicial discretionary sentencing power. Emblematic it appears the story of the legislation against persistent offenders, which, despite having been recently reformed by the legislature in a particularly repressive sense, on the example of other European legal systems and of North-American laws of the "three strikes", maintaining it’s legal aggravating circumstance nature of the offense, has paradoxically produced an extension of the discretionary sentencing power of the judge, making even less effective the repressive response. The recent reform of the sanctions made by the l. 251 of 2005, therefore, is criticized because, despite the symbolic repressive value who wanted to give, has not really affected the foundation of this institution of recidivism, leaving its application to the court’s decision, without trying other solutions of criminal-political nature, as part of a more differentiated system of penalties, both by type of crime and perpetrators, that is, in itself, therefore, incompatible with a recidivism’s discipline based solely on increasing the penalty in the abstract, without distinction of seriousness of the current and previous offence(s) and of the time of previous offence (so called “wash-out period”).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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